Feminist Perspective of The Lie :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Perspective of The Lie Women rush long struggled and battled against men in an attempt to obtain equality. In the story, The Lie, the character Sylvia Remenzel portrays many of the qualities in a stereotypical female that women for generations have been trying to prove wrong. Her thoughts and actions, plus the possible opinions of females reflecting upon her character, and the fact that this character was written by a male allow for show the neglect by which the use of goods and services was depicted. To begin, Sylvias questions throughout the story are naive and juvenile. For example, I wonder how many Remenzels have gone to Whitehill, and You think those people will want those rooms? Questions such as these are simply put and rather unnecessary because they only fill up up space and disrupt the flow. The question concerning the number of Remenzel family members who have gone to Whitehill has a pretty obvious answer. Her husband in the book even thinks so, Thats like asking how many people are dead in a cemetery. To have a female character ask questions that are put onmingly sincere is putting them back, and placing them in a group outside those with intelligence. The second question concerns a new wing being built onto Whitehill where a group of Africans will be staying. By calling the Africans, those people, gives the impression that she doesnt see them as equals to herself. In the time period that this story was written, (during the 1970s), the issue of racism was partly over. This character was non trying to be rude, but she did not have the intelligence to think differently. That alone is a very degrading way of thinking, such as fully grown women less power of thought than men. For example, Mr. Remenzel sees no problem with the Africans attending the school, when he says, The rooms arent for them, they arent going to be segregated. By observing these thoughts of Sylvia, one might see the lack of intuition and observation put upon her. These are all examples of the possible feminist view placed upon her. Next, the actions that Sylvia performs show her incomplete personality when it comes to being unique. Her role follows the example that females should be seen and not heard, also, that they are to stay at home and take care of the children. These are qualities that women have been fighting to remove from the minds of society.

Once and Future King Essay -- essays research papers

Once and time to come KingExperience is EverythingIn the book, The Once and Future King, T.H. White shows the importance that educationrelies heavily upon ones own personal experiences. When Merlyn is called on to tutor Wart, anadopted child, he uses this exact haveing method on Wart. Merlyn, who is a magician, uses transformation as a his learning tool. Merlyn turns Wart into different animals to show Wartlessons of life. Through each transformation Wart experiences different forms of power, each macrocosm a part of how he should rule as king. When Wart experiences each of these different stagesof lesson he finds out from Mr. P that mind power is nothing, from the wild guy he learns freedom, and the badger teaches him to accept what you have.When Wart is transformed into a fish Merlyn takes him to go talk to the master of themoat, Mr. P. This is the first transformation that Wart will learn his first lesson in. When Wartapproaches Mr. P he already senses a great deal of danger be cause of his massive size andstrength. Wart was so flabbergasted by his enormous structure that he could not think of anythingto ask Mr. P. Then Mr. P replies with his view on life, a simple statement, There is only power. role is of the individual mind, but the minds power is not enough (52). Mr. P is showing theimportance of physical power over the minds with this comment he makes . What Mr. P statesastonishes ...

Transcendentalism Essay -- essays papers

TranscendentalismThe highly spiritual philosophy of Transcendentalism developed as the response of a group of concourse who felt that it was unnecessary to make a piety (and live a smell) that was based on fear. The first Transcendentalists set out to create a more liberal way of life that allowed for personal growth, justice and freedom. To truly agnise the implications of Transcendentalism and why Transcendentalists believed what they did, one must first look at the root of Transcendentalism, Unitarianism. Unitarians were a liberal, cutting inch group of people that completely toss out the standards of Calvinism. Where Calvinists believed that man had a degraded and depraved nature, Unitarians believed that people are basically good. Where Calvinists believed that knowledge of God and ethics came to people through the Bible and Clergy, Unitarians believed that people were undecided of discerning truth and goodness with their own capabilities. Unitarians rejected the id eas that people were born into sin and that one had to work stark and suffer all of ones life in order to secure passage into heaven. Moreover, they strongly advocated the idea that people had free will and that cerebral thinking was the way into heaven. One particular(prenominal) Unitarian, William Ellery Channing helped personify the ideas and ideals held by Unitarians.William Channing (1780-1842) was a pastor at the Federal Street Church in Boston and show the idea that it was an individuals responsibleness to listen and act according to his own conscience. Channing also supported the homosexualitarian reform and helped to link the liberal ideas of Unitarianism to those of humanitarianism. Channing managed to eternal sleep the rationalism of Unitarianism with a concern for the offbeat of humanity. As time went on, the ways of Unitarianism began to change and the pillars of the religion began to evolve into something that struck many as distressingly frigidness and f ormal and vague and passionless. (The National Experience, pg. 261). The religion was also beginning to focus more on material success, rather than spiritual well being. While the metrical unit of Unitarianism began to lose its fervor, a new move workforcet was forming. In and around Boston, a romantic driving force was beginning and the rational ideas of Unitarianism began to lose favor. Romanticists rejected the idea that e... ...chings that men are evil and corrupt. The origins of the spiritual vogue of Transcendentalism were fueled not only by religions of the day, but by a yearning for something more than what was believed in those religions. The rise of Transcendentalism was due to the renewing of Unitarianism as well as the beginning of a romantic movement which opened peoples eye to the idea that everything could not be be through rational thought. This idea paired with the thought that people were essentially good opened the door to a society based on human dece ncy rather than fear.Bibliography1. Rose, Anne. Transcendentalism As A Social Movement, 1830-1850. Michigan Edward Brothers, Inc., Copyright 1981, pg. 93-95.2. Blum, John McFeely, William Morgan, Edmund Schlesinger, Arthur Stampp, Kenneth and Woodward, C. The National Experience. Orlando, FL Hartcourt Brace, Inc. Copyright 1993, pg. 260-262.3. Transcendentalism, Comptons Encyclopedia. Volume 23, Copyright 1990, pg. 2484. Transcendentalism, Colliers Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994, pg 405-406.5. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dictionary of American Biography. Volume 3, Copyright 1959, pg. 132-141. Transcendentalism Essay -- essays papersTranscendentalismThe highly religious philosophy of Transcendentalism developed as the response of a group of people who felt that it was unnecessary to practice a religion (and live a life) that was based on fear. The first Transcendentalists set out to create a more liberal way of life that allowed for personal growth, justice and freedom. To truly understand the implications of Transcendentalism and why Transcendentalists believed what they did, one must first look at the root of Transcendentalism, Unitarianism. Unitarians were a liberal, cutting edge group of people that completely discarded the standards of Calvinism. Where Calvinists believed that man had a degraded and depraved nature, Unitarians believed that people are basically good. Where Calvinists believed that knowledge of God and ethics came to people through the Bible and Clergy, Unitarians believed that people were capable of discerning truth and goodness with their own capabilities. Unitarians rejected the ideas that people were born into sin and that one had to work hard and suffer all of ones life in order to secure passage into heaven. Moreover, they strongly advocated the idea that people had free will and that rational thinking was the way into heaven. One particular Unitarian, William Ellery Channing helped personify the ideas and ideals held b y Unitarians.William Channing (1780-1842) was a pastor at the Federal Street Church in Boston and stressed the idea that it was an individuals responsibility to listen and act according to his own conscience. Channing also supported the humanitarian reform and helped to link the liberal ideas of Unitarianism to those of humanitarianism. Channing managed to balance the rationalism of Unitarianism with a concern for the welfare of humanity. As time went on, the ways of Unitarianism began to change and the pillars of the religion began to evolve into something that struck many as distressingly cold and formal and vague and passionless. (The National Experience, pg. 261). The religion was also beginning to focus more on material success, rather than spiritual well being. While the foundation of Unitarianism began to lose its fervor, a new movement was forming. In and around Boston, a romantic movement was beginning and the rational ideas of Unitarianism began to lose favor. Roman ticists rejected the idea that e... ...chings that men are evil and corrupt. The origins of the spiritual movement of Transcendentalism were fueled not only by religions of the day, but by a yearning for something more than what was believed in those religions. The rise of Transcendentalism was due to the transformation of Unitarianism as well as the beginning of a romantic movement which opened peoples eyes to the idea that everything could not be proven through rational thought. This idea paired with the thought that people were essentially good opened the door to a society based on human decency rather than fear.Bibliography1. Rose, Anne. Transcendentalism As A Social Movement, 1830-1850. Michigan Edward Brothers, Inc., Copyright 1981, pg. 93-95.2. Blum, John McFeely, William Morgan, Edmund Schlesinger, Arthur Stampp, Kenneth and Woodward, C. The National Experience. Orlando, FL Hartcourt Brace, Inc. Copyright 1993, pg. 260-262.3. Transcendentalism, Comptons Encyclopedia. Vo lume 23, Copyright 1990, pg. 2484. Transcendentalism, Colliers Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994, pg 405-406.5. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dictionary of American Biography. Volume 3, Copyright 1959, pg. 132-141.

Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice :: essays research papers

As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for another(prenominal) women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens stool that Constance Backhouse depicted in her book Petticoats and Prejudice. After nurture this book all man ought to be ashamed of being part of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the nineteenth century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had throughout their lives are something that nobody would privation to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is instead simple to see that Canada was peerless of the most advance countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas o f equality throughout the years there will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives clear and precise examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of auberge reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discussed in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their compress for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of ho w the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every vista of a young girls life, including filling a husband for her. The legal system at this time simply encouraged this type of natural process and supported these types of power imbalances. The book then flows into the incision of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would be the difficult times women had in trying to draw and quarter guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice essays research papers As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for other women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens movement that Constance Backhouse depicted in her book Petticoats and Prejudice. After reading this book all man ought to be ashamed of being part of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the 19th century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had throughout their lives are something that nobody would want to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is quite simple to see that Canada was one of the most advance countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas of equality throughout the years there will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives clear and precise examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of society reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discusse d in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their fight for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of how the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every aspect of a young girls life, including picking a husband for her. The legal system at this time simply encouraged this type of action and supported these types of power imbalances. The book then flows into the section of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would b e the difficult times women had in trying to get guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.

Le Morte D’Arthur Essay -- Character Analysis, Thomas Malory

Comparative EssayMany themes in popular literature today include a type of betrayal to others or themselves. In the bilgewater Le Morte DArthur by Sir Thomas Malory, a noble gentle by the name of Sir Bedivere is ordered to dispose of a sword and instead on the Q.T. hides it under a tree betraying his king. In coevals 3 Adams new companion named Eve becomes too peculiar about a forbidden tree when talking to a serpent and disobeys god and eats it. Sir Bedivere and Eve both betray others through their greed, temptation, and ignorance however Sir Bediveres betrayal to superpower Arthur is far greater than Eves betrayal to god. Greed can often influence ones judgement as a go forth Sir Bedivere and Eve are overtaken by greed during their betrayal to their masters. Sir Bedivere is noble knight that serves his beloved King Arthur, and soon is faced with a decision between a treasure and his king. Sir Bediveres greed is portrayed when he, hid the Excalibur under the tree (Thomas 12). Shortly after, he is exposed to the king King Arthur becomes app tout ensembleed by his noble knight and asks why he would betray me for the richness of my sword (Thomas 23). It is evident Sir Bedivere greed overpowered his commitment and loyalty to the king.Eve a companion of Adam in Genesis 3 portrays her greed when she learns about the tree in the center of the garden. She becomes curious and wants to learn its powers for gaining wisdom (Genesis 6), and she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her preserve (Genesis 6). Eve disobeys God as she does not follow the specific instructions God gives her. The more she learns about the tree, the more Eve wants to take a fruit. In the end, greed is one of many things that convinces her to betray God.... ...nd Eve both let ignorance drive their betrayal, however Sir Bedivere lack of knowledge hurt himself and the king. Eve on the other hand, had some discretion when talking to the serpent. While Sir Bedivere without thinking of the consequences, jumps on the opportunity, once again making the betrayal greater than Eves. Greed, temptation, and ignorance are all influences to each Sir Bedivere and Eves betrayal in Le Morte DArthur and Genesis 3. Both char bearers use these to influence to betray their masters on various levels. Throughout Le Morte DArthur, there is no question Sir Bediveres betrayal was an act of selfishness in contrast to Eve where she is simply curious about the tree in the center of the garden and is swayed by the serpent. Therefore, Sir Bediveres betrayal is represented at a higher level, whereas Eves was an act of innocent curiosity.

Le Morte D’Arthur Essay -- Character Analysis, Thomas Malory

Comparative EssayMany themes in popular literature today intromit a type of high treason to others or themselves. In the story Le Morte DArthur by Sir Thomas Malory, a noble knight by the build of Sir Bedivere is ordered to dispose of a sword and instead secretly hides it under a tree betraying his king. In Genesis 3 Adams vernal companion named Eve becomes too curious about a forbidden tree when talking to a serpent and disobeys god and eats it. Sir Bedivere and Eve both(prenominal) betray others through their greed, temptation, and ignorance however Sir Bediveres betrayal to world power Arthur is far greater than Eves betrayal to god. Greed can often mildew ones judgement as a result Sir Bedivere and Eve are overtaken by greed during their betrayal to their masters. Sir Bedivere is noble knight that serves his beloved King Arthur, and soon is faced with a decision between a treasure and his king. Sir Bediveres greed is portrayed when he, hid the Excalibur under the tree (Thom as 12). Shortly after, he is exposed to the king King Arthur becomes appalled by his noble knight and asks why he would betray me for the richness of my sword (Thomas 23). It is evident Sir Bedivere greed overpowered his commitment and the true to the king.Eve a companion of Adam in Genesis 3 portrays her greed when she learns about the tree in the center of the garden. She becomes curious and wants to learn its powers for gaining science (Genesis 6), and she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband (Genesis 6). Eve disobeys paragon as she does not follow the specific instructions God gives her. The more she learns about the tree, the more Eve wants to take a fruit. In the end, greed is one of many things that convinces her to betray God.... ...nd Eve both let ignorance aspire their betrayal, however Sir Bedivere lack of knowledge hurt himself and the king. Eve on the other hand, had some discretion when talking to the serpent. While Sir Bedivere without thinki ng of the consequences, jumps on the opportunity, once over again making the betrayal greater than Eves. Greed, temptation, and ignorance are all influences to each Sir Bedivere and Eves betrayal in Le Morte DArthur and Genesis 3. Both characters use these to influence to betray their masters on various levels. Throughout Le Morte DArthur, there is no question Sir Bediveres betrayal was an act of selfishness in contrast to Eve where she is simply curious about the tree in the center of the garden and is swayed by the serpent. Therefore, Sir Bediveres betrayal is correspond at a higher level, whereas Eves was an act of innocent curiosity.

Leader of my life: my mother Essay

An influential leader in my flavor is my overprotect because she exemplifies a godly woman in many ways. She is a whole person. She is a cooperative leader in the home. She also understands and accepts her role, despite cultural trends and pressure. She models authentic spirituality. She is the keeper of intimate feelings. She demonstrates and teaches compassion. She desires to established duties with her heart. Her strong faith in God is contagious in my life. As a whole person, my fuck off is beautiful, healthy, and wealthy in God. Her beauty radiates from her modest and junior-grade personality and her tastefully modest clothing style. Her desire for nutrition and personal hygiene is key to her amazing health. She knows her wealth comes from God because he blessed her with a strong Christian husband and three daughters. She gives me a beautiful reminder to remember who I am and whose I am. My mother is also a cooperative leader at home. She understands Gods design for marria ge. The love and respect she gives to my father is an example of that leadership. She demonstrates cooperation through building a healthy marriage in partnership with my father.Despite trends and pressure from culture, my mother understands and accepts her role as a godly woman. Growing up, my mother taught me the dominant values of Christianity so I shtup carry those values into my adult life and be a Christian witness to others. She holds to her values at work as an anatomy professor, and sometimes she gets ridiculed for her faith, that she stands strong. My mother models authentic spirituality daily. She understands what is at stake, and I am willing to do anything to stand up for my faith. She invests time to strengthen her walk with Christ, and has instilled that in me as well. Another leadership quality my mother holds is her ability to never share the feelings, fears, and dreams I express to her.She is an excellent listener and provides me with spiritual advice. I like to work out that I am a confidant and can be trusted by those who need a listening ear. Throughout my life, my mother has demonstrated and taught compassion. She is the theme of my care, protection, nourishment, and sacrifice. Adopted at birth, my mother has sufficiently provided for me out of love. She guardsme with her life to keep me on the right path. She taught me to love healthy and nutritious food so I can do the same for my children. My mother has also made an abundance of sacrifices to make sure I live by Gods design.Finally, my mother desires lasting results with wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. She utilizes her wisdom by teaching me the ways of life. She rejoices as I apply her teachings in my life and she understands me. The abundance of knowledge my mother has supplied me with continuously fills my life with rare and beautiful treasures. My mother continually molds me into the person God intends. She shares a special partnership with God that nobody can take away fro m her. My mother is an influential leader in my life as an example of a godly woman. She is pure and whole in the eyes of God. She demonstrates cooperation by understanding and evaluate her roles against cultural trends and pressure. She is a model of authentic spirituality, and provides a listening ear. The compassion she beholds is contagious, and she desires to complete duties with her heart. This is how my mother models leadership.

Martyrs Day

MARTYRS DAY The community pays homage to the martyrs who suffered and died for the freedom, welfare, and progress of the country, on January 30 every year. It was on January 30, 1948 that Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated a little out front the sunset when he was going to attend his evening prayers. Gandhiji was the greatest among the lakhs and lakhs of martyrs and freedom fighters who sacrificed everything for the countrys Independence, welfare andprogress. Since Gandhijis martyrdom on January 30, 1948 this day was stated as the Martyrs twenty-four hour period. Since then every year the Nation pays homage to the Mahatma and other martyrs on this day.On Martyrs Day, the President, the Vice President, the Prime Minister, the Defence Minister, and the three operate Chiefs gather at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat and lay wreaths on the Samadhi decorated with multi-colour flowers. The armed forces personnel blow the bugles sounding the Last Post. The inter-services contingent reverse arms as a mark of respect to the martyrs. A two-minutes silence in memory of the Father of the Nation and other martyrs is observed throughout the country at 11 a. m. At Rajghat, in front of the Samadhi of Gandhiji, all-religion prayers are held and bhajans dear to him sung.January 30, 1948 is the saddest and most poignant day in our history. For on this day, 78-year old Mahatma Gandhi was killed in Birla House (now known as Gandhi Smriti) when he was going to join his evening prayers. This was the biggest tragedy that the Nation faced after we achieved our hard-won Independence under the leadership of Gandhiji. I was a few yards absent when this tragedy occurred. Like other days, I was slowly walking behind the Mahatma towards the prayer ground. I saw a well-built, tall young creation, clad in khaki, rushing from the peaceful crowd of hands, women and children, who came to attend the prayers, towards Gandhiji.Gandhiji was then ascending the steps to the prayer ground. T he restless young man tried to touch Gandhijis feet. Gandhijis grand daughters, Manu and Ava, told him that Gandhiji did not like people touching his feet. They both tried to stop the man and told him not to delay the Mahatma who was already late for the prayers. But the man pushed them aside and the prayer books and other things which they were carrying fell on the ground. The young man, who had a pistol, suddenly fired three shots from close range at Gandhiji. The Mahatma fell on the ground, his white khadi dress soaked in blood.A man of prayer, Gandhiji remembered God and said, Hey mob Hey Ram. It was 5. 17 p. m. Men, women and children, who came to join the prayers, were shocked and wept aloud to see the Father of the Nation being killed in front of their eyes. A bleeding Gandhiji was rushed to the way of life where he was staying. The news of his assassination spread like a fire. Despite integrity of the coldest nights in Indias capital, thousands of people crowded in fron t of Birla House and wanted to hit Gandhijis darshan. Inside the room there were tragic scenes. Pandit Nehru, our initial Prime Minister, wept like a child.Sardar Patel was seen consoling him. Doctors rushed into the room. They examined Gandhiji. They remained dumb. Slowly, they signified that the Mahatma was dead. This was my worst and saddest reporting of the Mahatma after about four years tour as the join Press of India correspondent with him in various parts of the country. I wept but I had to do my duty. After flashing the news to my office, I rushed to the room where Gandhijis body was lying. Recitations from the Gita and other scriptures were going on. I remained whole night in that room. Lights in the room were switched off. An oil lamp was lit.There was darkness everywhere. Sitting in the room, I wrote an article titled That Darkest Night which was well published. Outside the room, there was a huge waiting and weeping crowd. The people were shouting in choked vowel syst em Allow us to have last darshan of our beloved Bapuji. The entire area rent with repeated cries of Mahatma Gandhi ki Jai. In order to allow the people to have darshan of the Mahatma, his body was placed on the high table in the adjacent room. A powerful lamp was lit so that the people could have an easy darshan. As the doors of the room were opened, there was a huge rush.Everybody wanted to touch Gandhijis feet. An old woman fell down in the rush and fainted. There was so much confusion that the doors of the room had to be closed. Then Gandhijis body was taken to the roof of the house and placed under powerful light to enable the vast multitude of people have a last glimpse of him. In bitter cold, Gandhiji was given a bath at 1 a. m. The blood-soaked raiment were then removed from his body. I then saw three bullet wounds on his body. Two bullets had pierced through his body. The third bullet remained in his body. The wounds were so far bleeding. The scene was tragic.After the bat h, Gandhiji was dressed in khaddar loin cloth presented to him on his last birthday. He was garlanded with a hank of hand-spun thread. He was decorated with flowers and garlands. Gandhijis favourite Ram Dhun and bhajans were recited. Gandhijis watch then struck 3. 30 a. m. Everyday, he was used to hold his morning prayers at that time. All-religion prayers were held that day as well. His grand daughters, Ava and Manu, sang a Hindi bhajan befitting the occasion. This bhajan is as follows Karle Sringar, Chatur Albele, (Tujhe) Sajan ke Ghar Jana Hoga, Miitti Orhawan, Mitti Bichawan, Mitti me hi Mil Jana Hoga. Karle SringarNahale Dhole Shish Gothale Phir Wahan-se Nahi Ana Hoga Karle Sringar As the prayers were going on, the first rays of the sun entered the room. That dreadful night, which the whole nation passed in torture and tears, came to an end. Preparations for Gandhijis last journey to Rajghat were being made. A mass of humanity had crowded in Delhi on that occasion. The cremat ion at Rajghat was attended by world dignitaries. Gandhiji, alongwith lakhs of men and women who sacrified for the countrys cause, became a martyr. The cellular dark jails of the Andaman Islands, where the freedom fighters were kept, are full of stories of the martyrs.The stone walls of the jail echoe the sufferings and torture of the freedom fighters, many of whom were killed inside the jail. The Martyrs Day is an occasion to remember all our martyrs and work for the countrys peace, unity, progress and welfare. During the last eventful phase of his life, Gandhiji worked for establishing peace, amity and brotherhood among people and died while functional for this mission. Let us remember his work for peace, amity and brotherhood. (PIB) *Journalist and freedom fighter who was eye witness to Gandhijis assassination

International Student Life Essay

I am a international student who ar studying in the States. My goals are improving my English and enter a collage. Studying in the States has a lot of advantages, such as we tail learn new cultures. But Studying in different country is a difficult thing for teenager, for example, we need to adapt to new surroundings. First, studying in America, it is a good thing for me. For example, I elicit improve English faster, because I have to communicate with teachers, students and my homestay in English every day, I can more practice my spoken. But in China, even though I studied in English rail, I spoke Chinese most of the beat in my life.The second, I can study a lot of new cultures. For instance, I can study ways of greetings in America. When people get screen home, they will say Did you have a good day? then, people will talk about their life. When my homestay ask me, Did you have a good day? I am feeling very warm. But in china, when I got arse home, I just said Dad, Mum, I am coming back So in my opinion, American greetings could promote sen datent between the parents and accomplices. Finally, I can make friends who can speak English. Such as my friend who name is Myahri. She is from Turkmenistan. She is very nice to me.She taught me how to stay with American family, how to make American friends and how to write essay. She often encourages me. I had a lot of benefit from her. I really cherish this friend. Everything has two handles. Studying in America also has a lot of disadvantages. we need to adapt to new surroundings. For instance, American schools have different school system. In China, students concern their all the classes in the same classroom, and the student locker is in their own classroom. But in America , I need take next period book and find next period classroom in five minutes. Sometimes I even have not time to go to bathroom.Then because of cultural differences, for example, American like using Email, but Chinese do not like using Em ail such as me. I seriously use Email in China. At beginning, because of my regular habit, I missed lots of important information. The last point is language problem. For instance, my English is not good. So some of the classes is very difficult to me. Sometimes I need spent many times doing my homework. Because I need translate questions and handouts. It is hard to keep grade for international student. Studying in America is a difficult thing, but if you try to make America friends, it is very helpful to you.American friends will make your like more colorful. You need spend more time staying with homestay, it will develop relationship between you and your homestay. It is helpful for your daily life. Finally, I think that football is good to know. Everyone in America likes football game. This is a good topic to talk with people. In general, also studying in America is difficult thing to me, but I think that studying in America has more good than bad. This is good chance to improve myself. And studying America , I can have more chance to enter famous university.

Essay on ‘Rapid population growth’ Essay

The increase population in demand in resources leave sparks the competition surrounded by the producers. The evolve of technology will help the population to develop. China is 1 of legion(predicate) countries that is taking the advantages of the rapid population.Population & developmentThe world has been going by dint of many changes recently. Two of the most noticeable changes are increase in population and development.Population Growth is a bane?There are cardinal major theories supporting the populating growth being a bane. The two theories are 1.Thomas Malthus theoryMalthus theory claims that there is no way food supply clear keep up with the population growth. Malthus believes that population will exceed food supply. 2.Coale & Hoover theoryCoale & Hoover theory believes that the increase in population will cause the people in government to spend much money in housings, schools and hospitals. They all have to spend portion of their income and have less savings. closure of the theory High population growth causes poor socio- economic development Policy Implications Government should intervene to control population for example china one child policy Limitation of this theory -Assumed economic growth as a function of only capital growth -Does not take into discover the changes in technology and labor quality (through better heath and schooling of new generation) -Empirical evidence Relationship not consistently negative (Blanchet)Two of the many theories supporting the population growth being a boon/blessing are (optimistic theory) 1.Ester BoserupEster Boserup claims that there is enough food to feed the world. The problem is the distribution of those goods. The feeler in agriculture tools allows from increase production rate. Urban farming is suggested for raising population. We will have more food available to our population if we have more producers. Urban farming can be one of the producers.2.Julian SimonSimon believed that human innovation can satisfy many problems. He argues that population growth does not inevitably led to the resource depletion. He claims that we need problems to improve and they led to improvements. He mentioned that the more we use, the more we make.3.Boserup-Population growth exerts a positive influence on economic development. -Human ingenuity would create the technology to overcome any environmental constraints to development (Boserup, Julion Simon).

Howard Schultz Essay

I. Introduction Starbucks today is widely recognized as the megabrand for coffee, and there vindicatedly are no close competitors that have its supranational recognition and scope. Starbucks has grown to employ over 160,000 people and generates intimately 13.6 billion dollars annually (Forbes). Much of Starbucks success is attributed to a man with a clear vision and drive Howard Schultz. Howard Schultzs passion for delivering quality coffee along with a positive caf get word has given him the motivational determination to demonstrate extraordinary leadership traits. This paper will give a brief overview of the history of Starbucks, and will then investigate the changes that were made after Schultz stepped in. Furthermore, problems that Schultz encountered throughout his time as CEO will besides be discussed, along with the key steps he alikek to bring Starbucks back on to a road of recovery. As a concluding remark, Schultzs leadership hyphen and abilities will be analyzed in terms of effectiveness.II. A Brief History of StarbucksLooking at the Starbucks alliance today, it is difficult to imagine that a company that has over twenty thousand locations in sixty-one countries (Starbucks) was once a single small retailer that had unless three employees. In 1971, three academics, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker, opened a small store at Pikes Place Market based on their collective love for bonny coffee-making. Baldwin, Siegel, and Bowkers initial goals were to expose Seattle to bring a refined coffee culture that existed in the San Francisco Bay Area. The three looked to Alfred Peet, an expert coffee roaster from Berkeley, CA, who taught them the art of dark-coffee roasting. Baldwin, Seagel, and Bowker took on that knowledge to produce their own roasts and blends that were then distributed in their stores.Ten years later, Howard Schultz, then the vice president and general manager for a Swedish kitchen and theater of operationswares, visited S tarbucks to key out why they were placing such too large orders for a particular coffee maker. Schultz was immediately captivated by the aromas and quality of coffee that was offered by the store. He, gained as much incursion as possible from Baldwin and Bowker about the entire coffee production process, and later convinced them to join their team.It was non until Schultz took a trip to Italy, when he began to envision a new Starbucks. Schultz visited many espresso bars and was exposed to a new culture of coffee drinking that we cute to bring to the United States. Upon his return, Schultz did all he could to convince the managers at Starbucks to get a full espresso bar and begin serving lattes and drinks at Starbucks. Due to many disagreements with the managers on the values and culture that Starbucks should have, Schultz mad a decision to leave and fetch his own caf Il Giornale. With this venture, Schultz had the executive freedom to create a culture that he passionately env isioned. Schultzs business innovation was widely successful, and within two years, he opened up three cafes that generated 1.5 million dollars annually (McGrawhill). With his success, Schultz acquired Starbucks to gain wider reach and growth.III. New Era for Starbucks and Problems Arising Now as the new CEO of Starbucks, Schultz faced many difficulties and challenges. The biggest problem that Schultz faced was making sure that Starbucks retained its soul in spite of growing into a large corporation. The biggest issues that played into Starbucks maintaining its soul was hiring the right managers and executives on his team, having consistent quality products and in-store experience for all Starbucks stores, and lastly- establishing a positive company culture for both the employees and customers. At the start of his career as the CEO for Starbucks, Schultz was faced with many obstacles to overcome. The first issue he tackled was get the right people on his team. Lack of a sinewy Cor e Executive TeamWith nine stores open, Schultz saw that Starbucks lacked professional direction skills to control all the processes to grow to his plan of adding 125 stores in the next basketball team years McGrawHill. He made sure to add A players to his team roasters and caf owners with decades of experience, a president of a profitable beverage company, and a CFO with eighteen years of management consulting experience at Deloitte and Touche. Schultz was able to see the need to recruit strong players with a lot of experience in the coffee and management industry. Early on, Schultz addressed the lack of organization management that was crucial for Starbucks to accelerate forward. Employee Enthusiasm and CommitmentAn separate problem that Schultz faced was the issue of expression a strong core of employees throughout the company. Schultz found that as the company grew, it lacked strong dedication from its employees. Starbucks had a high turnover rate, just like many other entry-l evel service jobs at McDonalds or retail stores. Schultz saw this as a huge problem for not only the money Starbucks lost through losing an employee and having to move over more to hire and train new ones, but besides losing team members. Schultz wanted to create an environment for Starbucks employees in which they would want to stay in. Schultz had difficulties convincing Starbucks Board of Directors to invest in constant training, higher salaries, and rewards based on merit.He even went far enough for wanting baristas to become invested in building Starbucks into a great company, and thus offered them stock options. The biggest action step he took to really show that he wanted to show that Starbucks had a heart for their employees was contend for providing health care coverage to all its employees. Schultzs father recently battled cancer, and he knew that it would not only add tremendous value to the lives of Starbucks employees, but also allow them to have an incentive to stay . Through a particular story about the impact that Starbucks was having on its employees lives, I learned that Schultz had high emotional intelligence activity and the aptitude to put himself in others shoes. Schultz recalled,I had known Jim was gay but had no idea he was sick. His disease had entered a new phase, he explained that he wouldnt be able to work any longer. We sat together and cried, for I could not find meaningful words to console him I could not compose myself. I hugged him. McGrawhillSchultz built his career from the bottom up from nothing, and his ability to demonstrate sympathy to others clearly showed great leadership skills. Having adept emotional skills is fantastically valuable for a leader because it gains the trust and approval of many people. Maintaining Consistent Product Quality and Customer ExperienceThe last problem that will be discussed in this paper is how Schultz ensured product quality and positive store experience throughout all the Starbucks loc ations. Schultz could not emphasize enough how important it was to maintain the virtue of the coffee bean and the quality of the coffee throughout the stores. In order to do so, he made strict guidelines on preserving the heart of Starbucks history getting good coffee to all customers. Starbucks had the option of chemically flavoring the beans, but Schultz made the executive decision to never add any chemicals to their core products. If customers wanted flavoring in their coffee, the source of additional flavoring could not come from the bean, but rather from a syrup mixed into the coffee. Another example is that he stressed the exact temperature that the milk for lattes needed to be heated to, the amount of time coffee can sit in a pot, and always compensating disgruntled customers with a free drink. Schultzs stringent standards on delivering consistent experiences also let him to scrapping a popular breakfast sandwich because it interfered with the coffee aroma in the Starbucks stores.III. Schultzs Leadership Style Without Schultz trailblazing leadership styles, Starbucks would not have nearly achieved the success that it has today. The passion that Schultz exudes in terms of implementing the true Italian coffee house experience on an international scale has definitely shown through in his time as CEO. Schultzs leadership style shows a commitment to tutelage soul despite the large size of the company. Schultzs standards for quality have never been compromised, and he continually makes the effort to ensure that his entire company is on board with delivering his goals. Aside from delivering quality to customers, Schultzs leadership style also emphasizes treating all of his employees with respect and individuality. He guarantees that when working at Starbucks, an employee will be tempered with fairness and dignity. Schultz more than anything emphasizes improving quality in terms of any experiences for whoever comes in contact with the Starbucks name. IV. Opi nion on Leadership Style and TakeawaySchultzs strong vision and keen awareness for what the Starbucks brand was very telling when he came back to Starbucks after stepping down. Schultz saw many problems, such as too many stores and below-par customer service. Schultz made a very bold move to close down Starbucks stores for three hours for mandatory training that cost the company millions of dollars. Schultz also closed down many locations. Schultz is very serious when it comes to giving a positive customer experience, and drives his motivation and actions off of that. I believe that Schultzs ability to isolate and deliver the needs of Starbucks customers is his strong point. He has always been convincing Starbucks partners and board of directors to also see his standards for quality and having Starbucks retain its soul. His leadership style has definitely proved to be effective in building Starbucks into the behemoth of a company that it is today.Personally, I hope to be as passiona te about delivering something to consumers when I take on a leadership position. To be cognizant of what exactly needs to get done to deliver a quality experience without losing focus is an important trait that can be learned through Howard Schultzs leadership style.

APA format

Due to follow a guide for citation and denomination paper, the American psychological Association PAP) style created a gulled for academic formatting specified In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association In July 2009. (American Psychological Association, 2014). So probably youll wonder why and how it is useful. PAP format basically help you to do a better research and provide a good proclivity of reference avoiding copyright issues and/or plagiarism.Besides, paraphrasing can be use, but only with citation in the text, since you havent do the research directly, just pickings it from the source, giving credit to the original author. Furthermore, for school/college/ university paper work evaluate your ability to collect Information to build up your work. For Instance, a research for having a good Idea, and be able to support It with source, is equivalent a good work. As it was mention before, it will give the document a specific format in which help everything to be in order and at the same time to provide a professional look.General rules are to be written in 12-point size Times New Roman. For the title, dont underline or bold it. Double- shoes with uniform margins of 1 In (2. 54 CM). Hanging indents at the reference list (starts on a new page ND also arrange sources In alphabetical order with only the authors given name (not full name) with space between Initials. Provide the year of publication edition number, place of publication, publisher name, and the page. For web pages, include the day it is retrieved.In addition, capitalize only the frontmost letter of first word in a title, and italicize the title. (BBC The Library, 2014) Provide number of pages at the top right header of the page, and at the left size the title. (Lecher C. M. , E. A. Singer, & American Psychological Association. 2008). In order to gain a complete understanding of PAP format, It Is necessary to read the gulled provide In books or even at Google, future(a) the ex amples provided and avoiding the mistakes.

Chemistry and Society Essay

Chemistry is a vast quantity of a someones everyday life. A person can find chemistry in his or her daily life in the foods that a person eats, air a person breathes, soap, and exactly everything a person comes in contact with. Chemistry is significant in everyday life because chemicals make up everything in life. For example, a persons body, pet, a desk, the sun, food, and drugs a person may take, to name a few. A person can observe changes in chemistry caused by chemical reactions, such as leaves changing colors, cooking food, and mixing a cleaning product. Knowing chemistry can help a person make day-to-day choices that affect his or her life. For example, if a person should mix certain household chemicals together.Accuracy is the magnitude in which a certain measurement agrees with the standard worth for that measurement (Dictionary, 2011). preciseness is how close the measured standards are to each other (Math is fun, 2011). Society depends on accuracy and precision in everyda y life. These two relationships are often substituted freely, just both have crucial differences. Businesses entail both accurate and precise measurements to stay in business. Accuracy states that something is constant with an identified rate, whereas precision is the volume of particular something delivers. Society depends on accuracy and precision in many places. One instance is the assail pumps. The catalyst pump can show accuracy when the turgidity is flowing, but this is not a precise measurement of how more than gas is pumping through the pumps. Gas pumps must not only know how much gas is pumping through the pumps but also how precise the measurement of gas pumped.The gas companies need to know how much is pumped so that the company can concern the right amount for the gas. Sometimes in everyday life a person does not want to be precise. For example, if someone stops and asks for directions to the nearest gas station a person may say that the next gas station is about 10 minutes down the road. Providing directions to someone is a flair a person can give accurate information. Another example is, when measuring a room in the house to paint and needing to know how much paint to provide. A person can either measure and provide a precise measurement or provide an accurate measurement on the room to paint. Another precision and accuracy a person may use in every day is how long it takes his or her child to bump off the homework. An accurate answer is 20 minutes, but the precise answer would be 20 minutes and 20 seconds. Time is an excellent way to be accurate or precise.ReferencesDictionary.com. (2011). Accuracy. Retrieved November 3, 2011 from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/accuracyMath is fun. (2011). Accuracy and Precision. Retrieved November 3, 2011 from http//www.mathsisfun.com/accuracy-precision.html

Health Care Marketing Analysis Paper

Marketing for Health sh atomic number 18 Lydia Wooten Health C ar Marketing Analysis HCS/539 November 26, 2012 Debra Schrager Health Care Marketing Analysis mean stemma has been established since 1916. That was created by women named Sanger, her sister, and friend that created a birth control clinic. They develop think birth for the argumentation on fighting for womens wellness, rights, and equality. The company stood for each right of individual to control control of his or her fruitfulness regardless of income status, marital status, race, age, nationality, or sexual orientation. Sanger incorporates the American Birth Control League, an ambitious new fundamental law that embraces the global issues of world universe growth, disarmament, and world famine (Planned line of descent, n. d. ). Planned parenthood provides umpteen service on reproductive wellness work and for reason they are the largest in the U. S. including crabby person screening,HIVscreening and counselin g, contraception, andabortion. new(prenominal) health services may not offer family planning as Planned Parenthood does and they uphold serve a large proportion of women.Planned Parenthood encourages care, test, and treat a large part of the population including teenagers, men and women. Several corporations and media are against the organization for reasons but Planned Parenthood believes they are the servicing, face and vowelise for the people who need counseling or aid. Throughout this paper I will describe how product, pricing, place, and forwarding are important to the establishment of Planned Parenthood. Product Planned Parenthood is design for a health services to assist anyone whether young, male or female and assist them in many areas.Some of their services are checkups for reproductive or sexual health problems, infertility screening and referral, routine physical exams, vasectomy, and prostate cancer screenings along with many more services. Women who are seeking sp ecialized health services have the prospect to received their services which allow contraceptions which can be birth control or morning after pill, abortions, screening, testing such as HIV/AIDS or any former(a) sexual transmitted disease, pregnancy testing, prenatal care, infertility, and general health care.Pricing Planned Parenthood offer inexpensive services to all that seek health care service. The price will vary based on the flake of procedure that will be neededsuch as abortion range from $350 to $485. angiotensin converting enzyme good option that Planned Parenthood offers is a service where it is little or no hail that depends on the family size or the income of the patient. Planned Parenthood works to make health care companionable and affordable. Some health centers are able to charge according to income. Most accept health insurance.If you qualify, Medicaid or otherwise state programs may lower your health care comprises (Planned Parenthood, 2012). For instance , if a single upraise makes less than $2,522 per month it is possible there health service can be low be or even shift beca practice session of the low income due to cost of living. For patients who qualify for free services include birth control, pap smears, emergency contraception, and sterilization. Another reason why Planned Parenthood Price is free or low cost than other health services because they rely on donations from other avenues.Planned Parenthood receives trio of its budget, $300 million, from the Federal Government from US taxpayers (Parker, 2008). Place Planned Parenthood is national cognize and they have over 77 locations throughout the U. S. and just recently they are global. There are 77 opposite separate local affiliates that operate over 800 health centers around the United States (Planned Parenthood, n. d. ). Each health facility offers different services due to regulations that some health clinics may offer and it could be illegal at other clinics such as abortions. Planned Parenthood offers Information for teens at the clinics.There is counseling for the teens which allows them to find out certain changes that occurs with their bodies as well as support and which gives them extra guidance if they were to get pregnant or decide to have an abortion. Each clinic also has a counselor who is available to help those patients overcome difficult times or understand why things are happening to them. The employees are trained to help with all type of health services and counseling methods to help the patients understand the organization but also to help the organization to understand the patients. Promotion Planned Parenthood is promoted by Action Fund engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the Planned Parenthood (Planned Parenthood Fund Inc, 2012). Planned Parenthood is publicize with billboards all around the U. S for their services, Internet ac cess for the new generation, and publishing commercials on television to help export their services to help create new patient clientele. Another major promotion Planned Parenthood is established is the Susan G Komen breast cancer foundation.There foundation has recently joined together with Planned Parenthood to promote the importance of breast examination and early cancer detection. Another promotion mother fucker that was recently used was during the debates from both candidates on prochoice or choice for the status on Planned Parenthood. The market tool has promoted in rural areas where absolute majority patients who are without health insurance or low income families unremarkably live. Marketing and Partnerships Planned Parenthood has partnered with the girl scouts where they appeared on NBC Today Show and show their support for the makeup (Beckman, 2012).Just recently Planned Parenthood is joining with MTV and Kaiser to raise awareness on STDs to the youth. Interesting fa ct for the apparent motion that they encourage people of all ages to get themselves tested on STDs which was called get yourself tested (GYT) (Planned Parenthood, 2009). Planned Parenthood made a great move with Partnering with MTV so the advertising can direct their attention on young adults and teenagers which were marketable. MTV is an advertising tool that focuses on those who live in rural areas or people who are undecided on what is the best health care service to partake in.Target Market Prior boulder clay now, Planned Parenthood focused more on communication to the public by advertising and by helping the black communities in the United States. Most of the Planned Parenthood in America clinics was strategically put in place that is located in black neighborhoods and schools. Since the Federal Government is responsible for one-third of the funding for Planned Parenthood, advertisements that are in federal earnings are vital to the success of Planned Parenthood.The majority of the federal buildings are set up for programs that deal with citizens in poverty. This becomes another good reason for the use of Planned Parenthood advertising in such buildings. Planned Parenthood offers little to no cost medical care and services for those who may not have and need some type of health insurance. They also offer tools for parents to better help them communicate with their teens about sex, and other life-changing decisions. With these tools, parents can help build their own relationships with their teens.Understanding the target market will help any organization to find the right type of organizations to collaborate with as well as to discover different ways to promote and selling budges say to their target market. Conclusion Planned Parenthood has continued to offer different birth control options to many women in need for over 95 years. They also offer a wide variety of services for men and not just women as well. They provide preventative care, testing, an d treatments of STDs for teens and adults.Planned Parenthood has recently been in the intelligence agency due to the loss and regain of funding and promotion of the Susan G Komen Foundation. Planned Parenthood has also been a part of the presidential campaign and debate to whether abortion should be allowed or not. Planned Parenthood strives to help people who are at or below the poverty level by offering their services at little to no cost. Planned Parenthood has also targeted the youth population with the recent GYT campaign where they teamed up with MTV to promote testing for STDs. Planned Parenthood has made a name for itself, whether it has received a good or bad name.Regardless, many people have used the services that Planned Parenthood has to offer. References Beckman, B. (2012). Girl Scouts partner with Planned Parenthood Time for a boycott?. Retrieved from http//www. illinoisrighttolife. org/GirlsScouts_PlannedParenthood. htm Parker, S. (2008, June). Planned Parenthood and the marketing of meaninglessness. Retrieved from http//townhall. com/columnists/starparker/2008/06/30/planned_parenthood_and_the_marketing_of_meaninglessness/page/full/ Planned Parenthood. (2009, Spring). A Test You Want to Fail 1 in 4 US Teen Girls has an STD.Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/northeast-pennsylvania/files/Northeast-and-Mid-Penn/PP_newsletter_Spring_09. pdf Planned Parenthood. (n. d. ). Health Info Services. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/health-topics/ Planned Parenthood of Nassau County, Inc.. (2012). Fees hire Options. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthood. org/nassau-county/fees-payment-options-5062. htm Planned Parenthood Action Fund Inc. (2012). We are Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from http//www. plannedparenthoodaction. org/about-us/about-us. htm

Chemical Bond and Crystal Field Theory

TextBooks Sr No T-1 T-2 Title Engineering chemical cognizance Chemistry Reference Books Sr No R-1 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, concluded reference) http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com/journal/10. 1002/(ISSN)1097-4601 , http//www. springer. com/interpersonal chemistry/electrochemistry/journal/10800 , http//www. sciencedirect. com/science/journal/13882481 , http//www. springerlink. com/content/100224/ , http//www. sciencedirect. com/science/journal/00108545 , http//pubs. acs. org/journal/joceah , http//www. ciencedirect. com/science/journal/00323861 , Title reservoir Edition 1st Year 2011 Publisher Name Cengage Learning Chemistry-Concepts and Applications Steven S. Zumdahl Author Suba Ramesh,S. Vairam , P. Kalyani Raymond Chang Edition 1st 9th Year 2011 2008 Publisher Name Wiley Tata McGraw Hill Relevant Websites Sr No RW-1 RW-2 RW-3 RW-4 RW-5 RW-6 (Web address) (only if applicable to the course) htt p//www. klte. hu/lenteg/animate. html http//dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/atomic_orbits. htm http//www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18. wf big Features Chemistry life history and videos Atomic orbital animations Hybridization animation http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCEDLib/WebWare/collection/open/JCEWWOR019/mo Molecular orbital theory animations movies. html http//www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2. swf http//dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/Electro. htm energizing qualification animation Electrochemistry animations RW-7 RW-8 RW-9 http//www. mhhe. com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/galvan5. swf http//dwb4. unl. edu/chemAnime/acid_ standstill. htm http//wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm1104/courses/CFT. tml Galvanic Cell animation harsh pocketbook animations crystallization field of force theory phone Visual Aids Sr No AV-1 AV-2 (AV aids) (only if relevant to the course) http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principle s-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-2/ Salient Features video on opening-Atom and speck http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fallVideo lecture- thrive particle dichotomy 2008/video-lectures/lecture-3/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principlesof-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-4/ http//ocw. it. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fallAV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulit negatron atoms and electron 2008/video-lectures/lecture-5/ , http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles- configurations of-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-6/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-7/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-8/ http//ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lectu re-10/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-12/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-9/, http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principlesof-chemical-science-fall-2008/video-lectures/lecture-13/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-15/ http//ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-14/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-14/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-31/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-34/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lect ure-35/ http//ocw. mit. du/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-26/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-24 http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-25/ AV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations AV on wavefunction and orbitals Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations Covalent and Ionic bond Covalent and bonce bond electronegativity judgment AV AV-3 AV-4 AV-5 AV-6 AV-7 AV-8AV-9 AV-10 AV-11 AV-12 AV-13 AV-14 AV-15 AV-16 AV-17 Hybridization and Shapes of molecules MO theory AV on MO of homonuclear diatomic molecules Av on rate law Av on transition disk operating system theory AV on catalysis AV on concept of redox answer Balancing redox reply Electrochemical mobile phone AV-18 AV-19 AV-20 AV-21 AV-22 AV-23 AV-24 http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5- 111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-21/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-22/ http//ocw. it. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-23/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-27/ http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-28/ http//wwwchem. uwimona. edu. jm1104/courses/CFT. html http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/chemistry/5-111-principles-of-chemical-science-fall2008/video-lectures/lecture-30/Classification of acid -base Autoionization of body of water, pH Function, Strength of Acids and Bases, rest Involving Weak Acids and bases pH of salt solutions, raw siennas, Common ion effect, Acid-base titration. Introduction of coordination compounds, Nomenclature, Crystal Field Theory in octahedral knottyes CFT Application of crystal field theory in magnetized properties and colour of the complex LTP week dissemination (LTP hebdomads) calendar weeks before MTE hebdomads After MTE Spill Over 7 6 2 Detailed Plan For bring upsWeek list whip Number Broad point(Sub Topic) Chapters/ dents of Text/reference books Other Readings, talk of the town Description Relevant Websites, Audio Visual Aids, software and Virtual Labs Introduction to syllabus and general discussion on chemical principles stripping of electron and nucleus Introduction to syllabus and general discussion on chemical principles Discovery of electron and nucleus Learning Outcomes Pedagogical Tool Demonstration/ Case Study / Images / animation / ppt etc. think AV17 Week 1 welt 1 Atoms and Molecules(Importance T-1Ch 1 varlet 14-15 of chemical principles,Discovery and 25 role 1. of electron and nucleus,Waveand 1. 9 particle duality of swooning and matter) R-1Ch 1 knave 25-27 percentage 1. 5 Atoms and Molecules(Importance T-1Ch 1 rascal 14-15 of chemical principles,Discovery and 25 section 1. 6 of electron and nucleus,Waveand 1. 9 particle duality of light and matter) R-1Ch 1 page 25-27 sectionalisation 1. 5 Making them aware about the syllabus and its importance grouch 2 Making them aware about the syllabus and its importance AV17 Week 1 Lecture 2 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1Ch 1 pageboy 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. and Ch 1 summon 32 and orbitals) -35 slit 1. 11 T-2Ch 7 scallywag 279283 branch 7. 4and Ch 7 pageboy 286-287 separate 7. 6 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1Ch 1 page 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. 9 and Ch 1 summon 32 and orbitals) -35 element 1. 11 T-2Ch 7 knave 279283 Section 7. 4and Ch 7 Page 286-287 Section 7. 6 Atoms and Molecules(Schrodinger T-1Ch 1 Page 14-15 equation,Quantum and 25 section 1. 6 numbers,Concept of wavefunction 1. 9 and Ch 1 Page 32 and orbitals) -35 Section 1. 11 T-2Ch 7 Page 279283 Section 7. 4and Ch 7 Page 286-287 Section 7. Atoms and Molecules (Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations) T-1Ch 1 Page 27-31 35-40 Section 1. 10 1. 12-1. 13 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and mathematical Schrodinger equation only and its Importance To explain particle and AV18 wave genius of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals Lecture 3 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and quantitative Schrodinger equation only and its Importance To explain particle and AV18 wave nature of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals Week 2 Lecture 4 De Broglie Equation, Limitation and numeral Schrodinger equation only and its ImportanceTo explain particle and AV18 wave nature of matter and concept of wavefunctions ,orbitals spd orbitals shapes orientations including s p and d orbitals shapes orientations including nodes Electronic configuration of elements up to 30 atomic number using three build up principles Aufbaus rule Pauli Exclu sion principle Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity Only electronegativity Pauling Concepts of Electronegativity To introduce the AV19 20 21 concept of orbital to define the recording of electrons at different energy level within an atomLecture 5 Atoms and Molecules(Electronegativity concepts,periodic properties) T-1Ch A Page 87-91 Section A. 1 A. 2 T-2Ch 7 Page 358375 To result how does a AV24 covalent bond develop HW1 allotment ionic percentage Week 2 Lecture 5 Chemical Bonding(Covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajans rule)) T-1Ch A Page 87-88 Section A. 1 A. 2 and Ch 2 Page 49-54 Section 2. 1-2. 2 T-2Ch 9 Page 366369 Section 9. 4 T-1Ch A Page 87-88 Section A. 1 A. 2 and Ch 2 Page 49-54 Section 2. 1-2. 2 T-2Ch 9 Page 366369 Section 9. 4 T-1Ch A Page 87-91 Section A. 1 A. T-2Ch 7 Page 358375 T-1Ch 2 Page 58-64 T-2Ch 10 Page 417429 T-1Ch 2 Page 64-67 Section 2. 6 T-2Ch 10 Page 429 -432 Section 10. 6 T-1Ch 2 Page 67-70 Section 2. 6 T-2Ch 10 Page 432437 Section 10. 7 RW-3 Lewis dot symbol s Ionic bond diametric Non north-polar Covalent bonds and Comparision of the properties of covalent and ionic compounds, Fajans Rule Lewis dot symbols Ionic bond Polar Non polar Covalent bonds and Comparision of the properties of covalent and ionic compounds, Fajans Rule Only electronegativity Pauling Concepts of ElectronegativityTo provide what type of AV22 23 hold fast exist between various atoms to form a molecule Lecture 6 Chemical Bonding(Covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajans rule)) To provide what type of AV22 23 bonding exist between various atoms to form a molecule Atoms and Molecules(Electronegativity concepts,periodic properties) To provide how does a AV24 covalent bond develop HW1 allotment ionic character Week 3 Lecture 7 Chemical Bonding(hybridization and shapes of molecules) sp sp2 and sp3 hybridization and their examples Concept BMO ABMO Bond Order Magnetic characterTo determine how do AV25 various atoms combine to form a molecule To define the existence AV26 stabili ty and retention magnetized character of molecule To define the existence AV27 stability and property magnetic character of molecule Lecture 8 Chemical Bonding(Molecular orbital theory) RW-4 Lecture 9 Chemical Bonding( molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecules) MO diagram Bond order and magnetic character of Homonuclear diatomic molecule only Week 4 Lecture 10Solid state(Idea of spatial T-1Ch 3 Page 95-97 periodicity of lattices,band theory) Section 3. 1-3. 2 Amorphous and To define the nature of crystalline substance unit the substance formed cubicle Space Lattice due to arrangement of atoms or molecules Band theory Conduction To explain the galvanic valence band Energy property of different Gap Application in substances Conductors Band theory Conduction To explain the electrical HW 1 unveiling valence band Energy property of different Gap Application in substances semiconductor unit fictitious characters n nd p , Insulators Lecture 11 Solid state(Electrica l properties of material like conductor) T-1Ch B Page 142144 Section B. 3-B. 4 T-2Ch 20 Page 876878 Section 20. 3 T-1Ch B Page 145 Section B. 4 T-2Ch 20 Page 876878 Section 20. 3 Lecture 12 Solid state(semiconductor and insulator) Week 5 Lecture 13 Chemical dynamics and catalysis (Rate laws,nuclear chemistry and elementary reactions) T-1Ch 6 Page 261268 Section 6. 1-6. 3 T-2Ch 13 Page 546 564 567 Section 13. -13. 3 T-1Ch 6 Page 287289 Section 6. 6 T-2Ch 13 Page 568571 Section 13. 4 RW-5 Rate Order of reactions Units of Rate constant Rate law interconnected rate Law derivation amp numerical found on zero amp outset Order reactions To have the understanding of reaction the stochiometry of reactants to form products AV28 Lecture 14 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Collision theory, Arrhenius concept,application of transition state theory (Energy profile diagram))Collision theory and To explain how do factors affecting it,No various reactions takes ancestry Arhenius place equation terms Activation energy Energy profile diagrams including intermediate and transition state reaction mechanism and To explain the sequence AV29 its evidence of steps in a reaction and deterrent of proposed mechanism Lecture 15 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Reaction mechanism) T-1Ch 6 Page 281286 289 Section 6. 56. 6 T-2Ch 13 Page 571581 Section 13. 4 and13. 5 T-1Ch 13 Page 581 and 586-588. Section 13. 6 T-2Ch 14 Page737738 Week 6 Lecture 16 Chemical dynamics and Catalysis (Enzyme catalysis) nzyme catalysis, Protein To explain the increase AV30 strand peptidase in rate of reaction due Test 1 Allotment to substance without creation consumed itself during the course of reaction taking enzyme catalysis Homework,Test 1 RW-6 Reduction amp oxidation To provide rudiments of Oxidizing and reducing electrochemistry To agents Oxidation number provide basics of electron transfer Balancing redox reaction reactions by ion electron method Galvanic mobile phone Anode cathode Salt bridge and its significance Standard simplification potential and SHE Application of series Analytical numerical To explain how a chemical reaction is use to generate electricity and to provide possible cabal of reactants in order to generate electricity AV31 32 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Electrochemistry(Concept of Redox reaction,Balancing redox reaction) T-1Ch 8 Page 330332 Section 8. 2-8. 3 T-2Ch 19 Page 820 822 Section 19. 1 Week 7 Lecture 19 Electrochemistry(Electrochemical T-1Ch 8 Page 332 cell,Application of electrochemical 335 Section 8. 4 Ch 8 series) Page 335-342 345 347-352 Section 8. 58. 6 8. 8 T-2Ch 19 Page 823 825 Section 19. Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 RW-7 Av33 Week 7 Lecture 20 Electrochemistry(Electrochemical T-1Ch 8 Page 332cell,Application of electrochemical 335 Section 8. 4 Ch 8 series) Page 335-342 345 347-352 Section 8. 58. 6 8. 8 T-2Ch 19 Page 823 825 Section 19. 2 Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 Electrochemistry(Nernst equation, corrosion) T-1Ch 8 Page 335342 345 347-352 Section 8. 5-8. 6 8. 8 Ch 19 Page 853-854 868 Section 19. 119. 7 T-2Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 Page 844 848 Section 19. 7 T-1Ch 8 Page 335342 345 347-352 Section 8. 5-8. 6 8. 8 Ch 19 Page 853-854 868 Section 19. 119. 7 T-2Ch 19 Page 827 830 Section 19. 3 Page 844 848 Section 19. 7 RW-7Galvanic cell Anode cathode Salt bridge and its significance Standard reduction potential and SHE Application of series Analytical numerical To explain how a chemical reaction is used to generate electricity and to provide possible combination of reactants in order to generate electricity Av33 Nernst equation numerical General Type Dry and nettled Rusting of weightlift Corrosion legal community including cathodic protection Nernst equation and To explain deterioration of metals and its prevention Lecture 21 Electrochemistry(Nernst equation, corrosion) Nernst equation numerical General Type Dry and wet Rusting of iron Corrosion prevention including cathodic protection Nernst equation and To explain deterioration of metals and its prevention MID-TERMWeek 8 Lecture 22 Acid and bases(Classification of acid-bases, auto ionization of water, pH function, potency of acids and bases) T-2Ch 15 Page 646 652 Section 15. 1 15. 2 15. 3 15. 4 RW-8 Different Concepts Arrhenius Bronsted Lowry and Lewis Autoionization of Water pH and Its measurement Strength of Acids and Bases Different Concepts Arrhenius Bronsted Lowry and Lewis Autoionization of Water pH and Its measurement Strength of Acids and Bases Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids and base To explain Different Concepts of Acid and bases pH AV 34 35 Lecture 23 Acid and bases(Classification of acid-bases, auto ionization of water, pH function, strength of acids and bases)T-2Ch 15 Page 646 652 Section 15. 1 15. 2 15. 3 15. 4 RW-8 To explain Different Concepts of Acid and bases pH AV 34 35 Lecture 24 Acid and bases(Equilibrium T-2Ch 15 Page 647 involving imperfect acids. equilibrium 663 Section15. 5 15. 6 involving weak ba ses) Acid base equilibria understanding AV 35 Week 9 Lecture 25 Acid and bases(Equilibrium T-2Ch 15 Page 647 involving weak acids. equilibrium 663 Section15. 5 15. 6 involving weak bases) Acid and bases(pH of salt solutions,buffers) T-2Ch 15 Page 674 679 Section 15. 10 Ch 16 Page 698 716 Section 16. 216. 4 R-1Ch 6Page259266 T-2Ch 15 Page 674 679 Section 15. 10 Ch 16 Page 698 716 Section 16. 216. R-1Ch 6Page259266 T-2Ch 16 Page 698 716 Section 16. 216. 4 R-1Ch 7 Page286314 T-1Ch 4 Page 165170 Section 4. 5-4. 6 Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids and base pH of salt solutions and buffers Acid base equilibria understanding buffer and salt pH determination AV 35 Lecture 26 AV36 Lecture 27 Acid and bases(pH of salt solutions,buffers) pH of salt solutions and buffers buffer and salt pH determination AV36 Acid and bases(Common ion effect,acid-base titration) Common ion effect and Understanding pH acid base titration curves metric titration ex strong base vs weak acid AV36 Week 10 Lecture 28 rebirth metal Chemistry (Introduction and nomenclature of coordination compounds)Coordination compounds To explain the basics of AV 37 Ligands Donor atoms metalcomplexes coordination reach Chelates oxidation state of central metal coordination number Nomenclature examples RW-9 Concept dissever Energy Factors effecting Splitting Nature of ligands including Spectrochemical series oxidation state of metal and surface of d orbitals CFSE in Tetrahedral complexes Splitting in square planar Comparision between Splitting energy of Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes consummation of geometry on crystal field divide To define the existence AV 38 39 and stability of different octahedral tetrahedral and square planar complexes of metals Lecture 29 Transition Metal Chemistry (Crystal Field Theory) T-1Ch 4 Page 155160 Section 4. 2 Week 10 Lecture 30 Transition Metal Chemistry (Crystal Field Theory) T-1Ch 4 Page 155160 Section 4. 2 RW-9Concept Splitting Energy Factors effecting Splitti ng Nature of ligands including Spectrochemical series oxidation state of metal and size of d orbitals CFSE in Tetrahedral complexes Splitting in square planar Comparision between Splitting energy of Octahedral and Tetrahedral complexes Effect of geometry on crystal field splitting Application of crystal field theory in magnetic properties and colour of the complex Application of crystal field theory in magnetic properties and colour of the complex To define the existence AV 38 39 and stability of different octahedral tetrahedral and square planar complexes of metals Week 11 Lecture 31 Transition Metal Chemistry T-1Ch 4 Page 163(Application of crystal field theory 164 Section 4. 4 in magnetic properties) T-2Ch 22 Page 950955 Section 22. Transition Metal Chemistry(Colour T-1Ch 4 Page 163of the complexes) 164 Section 4. 4 T-2Ch 22 Page 950955 Section 22. 5 To explain the Av 40 properties magnetic character and colour of metal complexes To explain the AV 40 properties magnetic character and colour of metal complexes Lecture 32 Organometallics(Introductory theory of organometallics and its application) T-1Ch C Page 187192 Section C. 1 Introduction Example of To explain the basics of Grignard reagent metalcarbon complexes ZeiglerNatta catalyst Application In polymerization with reaction hemoglobin and chlorophyl molecule use of metal in biological system Organometallics(Metals in biology) Lecture 33 Polymerization(Classification of polymers)R-1Ch 18 page 941945 T-1Ch 14 Page 601605 Section 14. 114. 2 Terms Monomer To explain different Oligomers Polymers types of polymers polymerization item of polymerization Functionality Clasification on the basis of structure types of monomer units Including Types of Copolymers occurance method of synthesis stereochemistry and thermal behavior Uses Addition compression and Copolymerisation with examples To provide various Test 2 allotment methods of synthesis of polymers Week 12 Lecture 34 Polymerization(Type of polymerisation) T-1Ch 14 Page 606607 Section 14. 3 Week 12 Lecture 35 Polymerization(Application of polymers) T-1Ch 14 Page 601605 634-638 648-649 653-655 Section 14. 1-14. 14. 5-14. 6 Application of polymers To provide uses of polymers Lecture 36 Week 13 Lecture 37 Photochemistry(Jablonskii diagram) Photochemistry(Concept of fluorescence) T-1Ch 22 Page 984986 Section 22. 3 T-1Ch 22 Page 983989 Section 22. Homework,Test 2 Jablonskii diagram waistcoat triplet To explain different possibilities on absorption of radiation Lecture 38 Concept of fluorescence To provide influence of rdiation on behavior of matter phosphorescence Quantum Yield Application of photochemistry in Photovoltaic solar cell To provide influence of rdiation on behavior of matter To use the principle of photochemistry in Photovoltaic solar cellPhotochemistry(Phosphorescence) T-1Ch 22 Page 987989 Section 22. 5 Lecture 39 Photochemistry(Application of photochemistry in photo voltaic cell /solar cell) T-1Ch 22 Page 989991 Section 22. 6 SPILL OVER Week 14 Lecture 40 Lecture 41 Revision Revision revision of syllabi upto MTE revision of syllabi after MTE Scheme for CA Component Homework,Test Frequency 2 Total Out Of 3 Each label Total Marks 10 10 20 20 Details of Academic Task(s) AT No. Objective Topic of the Academic Task Nature of Academic Task (group/individuals/field work Evaluation Mode Allottment / submission Week 2/4 Homework 1 To analyze comprehensive and analytical skills of studentsWave-particle duality of light and matter, Schrodinger equation, Individual Quantum numbers, Concept of wavefunction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations, covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajans rule) and electro-negativity concepts, hybridization and shapes of molecules, Molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecule. performance based Homework,Test 1 To analyze the conceptual and analytical skills of students Wave-particle duality of light and matter, SchrA? Adinge r Individual equation, Quantum numbers, Concept of wavefunction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations, covalent bonds, ionic bonds (Fajans rule) and electro-negativity concepts, hybridization and shapes of molecules, Molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital diagram for homonuclear diatomic molecule.Concept of crystalinity and type of lattices, Band theory and its application in electrical properties of material like conductor, semiconductor and insulator Rate laws,Nuclear chemistry and elementary reaction, Collision theory, Arhenius concept, Application of Transition state theory (Energy profile diagram), Reaction mechanism . Concept of Redox reaction, Balancing redox reaction Individual Electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, Application of electrochemical series, Corrosion, Classification of Acid-Bases, Autoionization of Water, pH Function, Strength of Acids and Bases, Equilibrium Involving Weak Acids. Equilibrium involving weak bases, pH of salt solution s, and buffers,Common ion effect,Acid-base titration, Introduction of coordination compounds, Nomenclature, Crystal Field Theory and its application. Classification of polymers. Performance based 6/6 Homework,Test 2To analyze the knowledge of students which they gained from this course. Performance based 11 / 11 Plan for tutorial (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus coverage) Tutorial No. Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned (case analysis,problem solving test,role play,business game etc) Tutorial 1 Importance of chemical principles,Discovery of electron job solving and nucleus,Wave-particle duality of light and matter, Schrodinger equation, Quantum numbers Concept of wavefunction and orbitals, Mulitelectron atoms and electron configurations,electro-negativity concepts,Periodic properties Problem solving Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3

Alaska Coffee Company Essay

Sure Powell was given gossip by his retail managers, employees and customers, but he wasnt given any advice from mass that new the participation inside and out. All the people that offered him advice had no knowledge regarding the financials or other intricate facets of the ships company. If he had a gameboard of directors he might be able to make more informed decisions that better march the company as a whole. It is send a path he also didnt book a clear process for managers to go through to implement changes and or suggestions. The chain of command was vague and rarely employ except by going directly to or through him.His attitude of let it rip is majuscule because it gives employees freedom to thing outside the box and make them feel corresponding they are a study part of the company but does not give any structure to them. His marketing background is roughly likely a key contributor to the companys success in implementing new products and property customers coming back but with no real experience in running a company before this he lacked the human resource skills necessary for a company to thrive which is clear in his passive leadership role. External environmental AnalysisSome of the key external forces with company were in the beginning not really having any competition which let the company grow and lock go across a loyal customer base. Also with the Alaskan environment suiting coffee drinkers because of the mild to colder weather. Staying trammel in cardinal city also protagonisted the brand name grow through word of rima oris and helped lock hatful business opportunities. Having a roaster facility in the city also cut down on expenses and helped keep the coffee fresh which was one of their staple trademarks to serve the freshest coffee contingent.Internal Environmental Analysis Some of the key internal forces for ACC were the fact that the company was built on loyal workers who pinched in the company due to chances for promotion and growth. Along with that and Powells leadership style it let employees act fairly freely and have input into a company that strived to stay away from a corporate feel. The spirit of the products that they offered also helped them since they were considered to have the top of the line products most of which were considered to be the best in the world.Having a low-toned chain of command is also beneficial to the employees because it allows them to get things done relatively quickly without having to wait for it to go through many different levels of management. With most customers saying that the coffee was addicting and the atmosphere was very pleasant it leads to a happy environment for customers and workers alike allowing for the business to strive. Another problem of the external environment is that the shops were not strategically located.The areas that they were placed in were researched to some extent but not fully like a study company like Starbucks would do to make s ure they can get the most out of the market. non only that but they didnt own all the building or locations that they were in having leased some of the spaces with only year contracts. SWOT Analysis The opportunities to grow for the ACC seemed to be limitless since they had already successfully competed with local anesthetic competition and it did not affect their bottom line to a level of concern for them until, world mixed Starbucks entered the scene.Once they came on scene it became clear that competition would become a threat and opportunities could and would shrink. This was and is the biggest threat to ACC since Starbucks is already a well known product that strives to give customers the Starbucks Experience. This is where the customer can feel well-situated getting the same service and products at any blood in the world compared to ACCs other than styled shops and styles of running the stores.This is probably of the greatest concern since most of their stores have differen t layouts and feels you cant go to one ACC store and then go to another and feel like it is safe like the one you already visited. One strength that ACC has is that it is a local company built on staying small and having a non corporate feel. They also strive to employee young workers in a state that is economically stricken and upset about their young adults leaving the state to live elsewhere.One weakness I believe that they have is that their merchandise can be over priced and even though started to compete with lower priced items there were no real studies done on how well the products would do. One of their major weaknesses is their human resources department and their lack of expert support. They switched to new major software with no one that could fix a problem if one occurred. Business-Level dodge Their scheme was to find a way to keep their customers loyal while offering the best possible choices in specialty coffees and to help contribute to the great state of Alaskas economy.Their potential for success I believe is still quite good. As long as Powell can overhaul is leadership strategy and his chain of command, I think they could become even more profitable than they already are. He need to make a lot of changes but he has the right idea and now he just ineluctably to build on it. blush though it may not be the Alaskan way of doing things he needs to come up with written ways and policies to go about key things in his business. The communication chain also must be improved for the business to continue to be successful. concerted Strategy ACC has some key alliances in place already with major retailers already selling their products in wholesale as well as, disturbing them as needed. Having an alliance with an already established local call down market has obviously been key to their early success and I would guess that those are the stores that continue to trademark the most profits. Since they do not have a written agreement in place I wo uld recommend that he do so because if he were to unload those locations to say Starbucks, it could be detrimental to his business.Even though some of the major retailers already offer Starbucks products to the public, it is important that ACC stays on good footing with them so as not to lose their business since they are solely confined to Alaska any lose of a major retailer could have vastly negative effects. It is also key that stay in good relationships with the companies that they do their major business with for the same reasons as above. Options and Recommendation In gear up for ACC to stay in the specialty coffee market, they pass on need to do some drastic overhauling.Starting with Powell, he needs to establish a direct chain of command and follow through with it. He already gives managers leeway with projects but he has to help them make more informed decision so that he will not have to cancel projects. He also needs to bring in a financial analyst to help teach his m anagers how to budget and be more open with the financials of the business. After that he needs to revamp his human resource department and definitely bring in an IT specialist to help deal with any software issues.While he also needs to bring in people to train all the essential employees on how to use the software adequately enough that they will be able to teach new employees. I would say he then needs to have a clear line of vision of where he wants the company to go and how he wants it to get there. In order to do that I believe he needs a committee or a board of directors to help weigh in on decisions and help spark new ways and ideas of innovating and implementing strategies. It is also unmistakable that he needs to upgrade his facilities so that they can operate at full capacity which will also help get rid of some of the overhead he has.Then he needs to establish one way that all stores will look and future stores will be position out. The one thing that he may not want t o do because it may seem like they are going corporate but there are too many uncertainties from one store to the next. They do not have to be identical but the way things are done internally and as far as customer service goes that should be. Overall I think ACC can pop off and be the main Specialty Coffee supplier in Alaska he just needs to do a little overhauling.

Project on Spy Ear

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, CIRCIT DIAGRAM AND reverseing INTRODUCTION snitch spike is the devices which change overs abject cater strait aim to risque creator forecast and cryst onlyize. It bum be utilize in Thotnessers , concert halls, Lecture rooms, Trains, Court houses, Conference rooms, Embassies, Gaming facilities, put down feather studios, Aircraft , rail styluss , carriage station etc. With this conk out amperelifier, you spate straight off turn around curvegs crystal clear that you could never peck in the lead. Spy ear is in truth cushy to use, h hotshotst put the ear buds in your ears aim the Spy Ear towards what you want to hear and things atomic number 18 heard crystal clear.Spy Ear has adju motionless majority visualise, which amplifies dependable up to 50 decibels. Spy ear is in any case abundant for watching TV late at night, plot of ground your spouse sleeps you preserve sp argon the sanitary on the TV modal value down and remedy he ar clearly. In tell apart ear circuit the about important part which is apply to hyperbolise the ckt is An IC named LM386N, which is a low salubrious amplifier, it amplifies the sound which is received by the capacity mic affiliated in the ckt. The LM386 is a forcefulness amplifier designed for use in low electromotive force consumer applications.The bring home the bacon is internally deposit to 20 to keep immaterial part count low, except the addition of an external impedance and electric capacity among pins 1 and 8 exit increase the stumble to both re nourish from 20 to 200. The inputs atomic number 18 ground concernenced while the turnout automati listy preconcepti matchlesss to bingle(a)-half the supply quintage. The quiescent indicator run is further 24 mill atomic number 74s when opera seatg from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 deification for bombardment operation. Spy ear is amplely utilise in the stag fashions. Many spy agencies, Nation al trade protection Agencies victimization both wired and wireless spy ears to hear the common soldier chat and to cought any prohibited soulfulness doing any illegal take form.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM pic WORKING What binoculars do to improve your vision, this individualal sound enhancer circuit does for numerateening. This lightweight gadget produces an adjustable tuck on sounds plunk downed up from the built-in racy-sensitivity capacity microphone. So you basis hear what you demand been missing. With a 6V (4? 1. 5V) battery, it produces good results. a modest signal amplifier is built around junction transistor BC547 (T1). Transistor T1 and the related. components amplify the sound signals picked up by the condenser microphone (MIC).The amplified signal from the preamplifier stage is fed to input pin 3 of IC LM386N (IC1) through capacitance C2 (100nF) and volume control VR1 (10-kilo-ohm log). A decoupling network comprising ohmic resistance R5 and capacitor C3 provid es the preamplifier block with a clean supply emf. Audio amplifier IC LM386N (IC1) is designed for operation with power supplies in the 4-15V DC cuckold. It is house in a stock(a) 8-pin DIL package, consumes actually nice quiescent fresh and is ideal for battery-powered man-portable applications. The processed output signal from capacitor C2 goes to one end of volume control VR1.The wiper is taken to pin 3 of LM386N speech sound output amplifier. keep an eye on that the R6-C4 network is use to RF-decouple unequivocal-supply pin 6 and R8-C7 is an optional Zobel network that ensures high frequency stability when aliment an inductive telephone set load. Capacitor C6 (22? F, 16V) wired in the midst of pin 7 and ground gives additional blab out rejection. The output of LM386N power amplifier croup safely drive a standard 32-ohm monophonic telephone set/earphone. convene the circuit on a tiny general-purpose PCB and house in a suitable metal(prenominal) enclosure with an integrated battery holder and creative thinkerphone/ earphone socket as depictn in .Fit the on/ clear up switch (S1), volume control (VR1) and power indicator (LED1) on the enclosure. Finally, fit the condenser microphone (MIC) on the front side of the enclosure and link it to the input of the preamplifier via a short length of the shielded wire. CHAPTER 2 COMPONENTS AND TOOLS USED COMPONENT USED COMPONENT NAMESPECIFICATION QUANTITY RESISTANCES R14. 7K? 1 R2330K? 1 R333? 1 R4680? 1 R5150? 1 R610? 1 R71K? 1 R810? , 0. 5W1 CAPACITANCES C110n(Non Polar)1 C2100n(Non Polar)1 C347(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 C41000(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 C54. 7(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 C622(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 C7100n(Non Polar)1C8100(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 C9100n(Non Polar)1 C10470(elec. ) , 16V(Polar)1 VOLUME CONTROLLER VR110K? 1 TRANSISTOR T1BC5471 ICLM386N1 IC BASE8-PIN1 LED1 optical condenser MIC1 EARPHONE32? 1 BATTERIES1. 5V4 BATTERIES HOLDER1 HOLDER CAP1 SWITCH1 PCBSINGLE SIDED1 TOOLS USED IN PCB DESI GNING COMPONENTQUANTITY SAW1 FeCl31 pic MULTIMETER1 pic HAND DRILLER1 pic SOLDERING IRON1 pic SOLDERING PASTE1 pic SOLDERING WIRE1 pic CHAPTER 3 grooming AND PROCESS OF PCB DESIGNING Materials ? Liquid solutions- Ferric Chloride (Fecl3), Ferric chloride solution,about 1 liter/ 0,26 gallons Lacquer sheer Safety solutions- Safety goggles, Soft tensile brush, Clothes iron, Rubber gloves ? layout solutions- Softw atomic number 18 for drawing layout. Like- 1. P-Spice 2. ExpressPCB 3. PCB sorcerous 3. 50 pro 4. EDWinXP ? honourable quality time pages (A4 Size) (Glossy piece of music), ? Laser printer ? Scrubbing pad ? Good ventilation ? Paper towel, ? Tin snips ? Drill or rotary alikel ? PCB drill bits ? 5-gallon fictile pail full of water ? Single sided 1 ounce copper tog ? A bendable chase awayer the calling card lead fit in PREPARATION impress the bottom side layer on a piece of paper from a high quality magazine or Glossy paper.Use one actual page from the magazine or Glossy paper, the thicker and shinier the magazine paper the better, but do non use the cover. You mustiness use a laser printer, non an inkjet. If your printer uses ink cartridges and not toner cartridges, it give not work. If you do not render a laser printer, you hatful work around this by printing to white paper and apply a photocopier set to the darkest setting to copy the layout to the magazine paper. If the paper jams in the printer, you be not using a thick-enough magazine pages. Again, do not use the magazine covers, as they do not work.Magazine pages be used because they work closely, and they ar cheap The reason they work is because the paper is precise glossy and the toner does not adhere well to the glossy pages. The printing used on the magazine page is ink and it does not come off, but toner does. Toneris actually a plastic polymer, and contrary toners whitethorn yield varied results. In our experience, a genuine HP toner cartridge was used with great suc cess. The sole purpose of the toner is the protect the copper below it from etching away you only want the reveal atomic number 18as to etch. Next, wash your hands to re touch on any oils.Keep handling to a nominal once the pages be printed and do not touch the laser printing with your fingers this could get oils on the printing. Keep pages as flat as possible. picpic Very c arfully, remove the copper clad from the packaging. Do not touch the copper surface for the aforementioned(prenominal) reason as above. You can cut the copper clad to size using a tin snip if needed. Use the scrubbing pad to gently buff the surface. Do not use trade name wool because it result embed steel into the copper. Clean off the residual dust with a some damp paper towel. pic Find a hard, genuinely flat, sturdy, heat resistant surface.Empty the water out of the change state iron and set the iron on the hottest setting. Allow the iron to get hot. pic This is both side of a piece of copper clad. P lace the blank side confront down and copper side facing up. Align printing/paper onto copper clad board with the printing facing the copper. Do not stick out it to move. pic pic Firmly press the iron onto the back of the magazine paper, sandwiching it between the copper clad and the iron. pressure hard without moving the iron, hold the iron perfectly still for one full minute. Do not move the iron at all during this minute, and push hard, in reality hardThen, for four lots minutes, tardily move the iron around making sure to put a lot of pressure on the paper, but not allowing the paper to slide on the copper. When done, let the board fully cool before you move it at all. This will allow the toner to adhere to the copper and prevent you from being issueed. Put the board in cold water and let soak for five minutes. After five minutes, try to dis character the wet paper from the board leaving only the toner/print from your laser printer. Only the toner should be left(a) adhe ring to the copper. If the paper does not come off easily, let it soak in the water for a while longer.If necessary, rub with your finger to remove any paper, leaving only the toner. Its ok if there argon a few excess paper fibers stuck to the toner. picpic pic If you find not e really(prenominal) trace adhered to the copper clad or it is misaligned, use lacquer thinner and paper towel to clean the toner from the copper board and show up over. If the traces count good hence move on. Inspect the traces c befully, however, because what you see now will be your terminate product. pic In a well-ventilated ara with a fan, add hot water to a plastic container. gently pour in 1-cup Fecl3, to create the etching solution.Al slipway wear goggles, gloves, and do not inhale the fumes. Do not use any metal containers, measuring cups, stainless steel settles, or tools with this medley as this mixture will aggressively etch metal. Acid safety, think triple A, for Always Add the Acid, its whatever is in the container that will end up splashing. This etching solution, while make with common land chemicals, should see respect. It is dangerous to you and surroundings treat it with respect. Put the board copper side up in the plastic container filled with etching solution. Use a soft plastic brush to gently wipe the board.You will notice the copper begin to recess. It takes about 3-4 minutes to get all the exposed copper dissolved. You just bewilder to watch to make sure it is gone in all atomic number 18as between the traces. Do not leave the board in the etching mix for too long as the traces will dissolve under the toner that is protecting them. picpic Use lacquer thinner (paint thinner and acetone do not work well) and a paper towel to remove any toner left on pennant of the copper traces. plate prevents the copper from oxidizing, which can make it hard to join to in the coming(prenominal).If you choose, you can tin all the traces with solder and a solderin g iron now. This actually makes drilling much easier because it helps to center the drill bit pic Print out the decease side silkscreen layer on magazine paper and iron this onto the top side, using the same processes as above. Again, run under water and peel off the paper. Now you waste the component IDs on the top side. For layout design we use softw are 1. P-Spice 2. ExpressPCBSetup 3. PCB Wizard 3. 50 Pro 4. EDWinXP Drill all the holes for the through-hole parts using the correct size PCB drill bit and rotary tool.Drill whacking mounting holes with a normal drill. PCB drill bits are carbide and do to drill through fiber glass over that would quickly dull standard bits. thither are a few very common sizes of bits and these are often sold in packs. We use . 0260? for IC holes and . 0310? for resistors and caps. pic CHAPTER 4 RESISTANCES pic INTRODUCTION A resistor is a two- death passive electronic component which implements electrical apology as a circuit element. When a emf V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a reliable I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that potential drop. The reciprocal of the onstant of proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further resists the flow of watercourse I as given by Ohms law pic UNITS The ohm ( symbolism ? ) is the SI unit of electrical resistance. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of Milliohm (1 m? = 10? 3 ? ), Kilohm (1 k? = 103 ? ), Megohm (1 M? = 106 ? ) are in addition in common usage. Resistance is Determined partially by Composition,and is inversely proportional to Cross Sectional Area. picSERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS In a series configuration, the current through all of the resistors is the same, but the voltage across separately resistor will be in proportion to its resistance. The potential difference (voltage) seen across the network is the sum of those voltages, thus the total resistance can be found as the sum of those resistances pic pic As a special elusion, the resistance of N resistors machine-accessible in series, each of the same resistance R is given by NR. Resistors in a song of latitude configuration are each subject to the same potential difference (voltage), however the currents through them add.The conductance of the resistors thence adds to determine the conductance of the network. Thus the equivalent resistance (Req) of the network can be computed pic pic The analog equivalent resistance can be represented in equations by two vertical lines (as in geometry) as a simplified notation. For the case of two resistors in parallel, this can be figure using pic As a special case, the resistance of N resistors committed in parallel, each of the same resistance R, is given by R/N.A resistor network that is a compounding of parallel and series links can be disjoi nted up into smaller parts that are either one or the otherwise. For instance, pic pic POWER DISSIPATION The power P dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor network) is calculated as pic The first body-build is a restatement of Joules first law. Using Ohms law, the two other forms can be derived. The total amount of heat dexterity released over a period of time can be determined from the integral of the power over that period of time pic Practical resistors are rated according to their maximum power excess.The vast majority of resistors used in electronic circuits absorbs much less than a watt of electrical power and require no assistance to their power range. Such resistors in their discrete form, including close to of the packages detailed below, are distinctively rated as 1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 watt. Resistors compulsory to dissipate substantial amounts of power, concomitantly used in power supplies, power conversion circuits, and power amplifi ers, are generally referred to as power resistors this designation is loosely applied to resistors with power ratings of 1 watt or greater.Power resistors are physically larger and tend not to use the preferred values, color mandates, and external packages expound below. If the average power dissipated by a resistor is much than its power rating, damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its resistance this is distinct from the reversible change in resistance repayable to its temperature coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components, or even cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that fail (open circuit) before they overheat dangerously. business line that the nominal power rating of a resistor is not the same as the power that it can safely dissipate in practical use. Air circulation and law of proximity to a circuit board, ambient tempera ture, and other factors can reduce acceptable dissipation significantly. Rated power dissipation may be given for an ambient temperature of 25 C in free air. Inside an equipment case at 60 C, rated dissipation will be significantly less a resistor dissipating a bit less than the maximum figure given by the manufacturer may still be outside the safe operate area and may prematurely fail.TYPES OF RESISTER Fixedresistors multivariate resistors flash-frozen RESISTORS The diagram shows the look of a carbon film resistor. During manufacture, a thin film of carbon is deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive coating is spiraled away in an automatic machine until the resistance between the two ends of the rod is as close as possible to the correct value. surface leads and end caps are added the resistor is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with colored solidifications to indicate the resistor value.Carbon film resistors are cheap and easily available, with values within 10% or 5% of their marked or nominal value. Metal film and metal oxide resistors are made in a similar way, but can be made more accurately to within 2% or 1% of their nominal value. There are some differences in actualizeance between these resistor types, but none which affect their use in simple circuits. COLOUR CODING OF THE RESISTERS pic pic pic VARIABLE RESISTORS Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which moves along th track as you turn the spindle.The track may be made from carbon, cermets (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is normally rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available. TYPE OF VARIABLE RESISTORS running(a) (LIN) and Logarithmic (LOG) tracks Rheostat Potentiometer Presets LINEAR (LIN) AND LOGARITHMIC (LOG) TRACKS Linear (LIN) track way of life that the resistance changes at a constant rate as you move the wiper. Loga rithmic (LOG) track promoter that the resistance changes slow at one end of the track and rapidly at the other end, so halfway along the track is not half the total resistanceThis arrangement is used for volume (loudness) controls because the human ear has a logarithmic solution to loudness so fine control (slow change) is required at low volumes and coarser control (rapid change) at high volumes. It is important to connect the ends of the track the correct way round, if you find that go the spindle increases the volume rapidly followed by little further change you should swap the connections to the ends of the track. RHEOSTAT This is the simplest way of using a covariant resistor.Two terminals are used one connected to an end of the track, the other to the conveyable wiper. Turning the spindle changes the resistance between the two terminals from zero up to the maximum resistance. pic If the rheostat is mount on a printed circuit board you may find that all three terminals ar e connected However, one of them will be linked to the wiper terminal. This improves the mechanical strength of the mounting but it serves no function electrically. POTENTIOMETER Variable resistors used as potentiometers energise all three terminals connected.These are toy dog versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted presently onto the circuit board and set only when the circuit is built. Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used. pic PRESETS Multitier presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned umpteen times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control. pic pic pic Preset Presets Multitier preset (open movement) (closed style) CHAPTER 5 CAPACITANCES pic INTRODUCTION A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating real called the dielectric. Capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the plates separation. Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant of the dielectric satisfying separating the plates. Capacitance calculated as XY x 10Zfor the numbers XYZ and the earn indicates the tolerance J, K or M for 5%, 10% and 20% respectively and unit is in pF. The standard units of Capacitance, farad F microfarad F (1 F = 10-6 F) nanofarad nF (1 nF = 10-9 F) microfarad pF (1 pF = 10-12 F) FOR CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their electrical capacitys add up.Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the tota l surface area. pic FOR CAPACITORS IN SERIES Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the separation hold, not the plate area, adds up.The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build-up equal to that of every other capacitor in the series. The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series acts as a capacitorsmallerthan any of its components. pic Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage, for example for smoothing a high voltage power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate separation, add up.In such(prenominal) an application, several series connections may in turn be connected in parallel, forming a matrix. The refinement is to maximize the energy storage utility of each capacitor without overloading it. Series connection is also used to adaptelectrolytic capacitorsfor AC use. CAPACITOR MAY BE Polarized Unpo lrized POLARIZED CAPACITOR(VALUE MAX THAN 1 F) pic Circuit symbol pic ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS Electrolytic capacitors are polarized andthey must be connected the correct way round, at least(prenominal) one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering. There are two designs of electrolytic capacitorsaxialwhere the leads are attached to each end (220F in picture) andradialwhere both leads are at the same end (10F in picture). radiate capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board. It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage rating.The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should of all time be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not peg a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the projects power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for m ost battery circuits. TANTALUM BEAD CAPACITORS Tantalum beadwork capacitors are polarized and have low voltage ratings like electrolytic capacitors. They are expensive but very small, so they are used where a large capacitance is needed in a small size. Modern tantalum bead capacitors are printed with their capacitance, voltage and polarity in full.However older ones use a color-code system which has two stripes (for the two digits) and a spot of color for the number of zeros to give the value in F. The standardcolour codeis used, but for the spot,greyis used to mean ? 0. 01 andwhite marrow ? 0. 1 so that values of less than 10F can be shown. A 3rd color stripe near the leads shows the voltage ( yellowness 6. 3V, minatory 10V, green 16V, blue 20V, grey 25V, white 30V, beg 35V). The positive (+) lead is to the right when the spot is facing you when the spot is in sight, the positive is to the right.For example blue, grey, black spot means 68F for example blue, grey, white spot me ans 6. 8F For example blue, grey, grey spot means 0. 68F UNPOLARIZED CAPACITOR(MAX. VALUE UPTO 1 F) pic Circuit symbol pic Small value capacitors are Unpolrized and may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be hard to find the values of these small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labeling systemsMany small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be For example0. 1means 0. 1F = 100nF. Sometimes the multiplier is used in come out of the closet of the decimal point For example 4n7means 4. 7nF. POLYSTYRENE CAPACITORS This type is rarely used now. Their value (in pF) is normally printed without units. Polystyrene capacitors can be damaged by heat when soldering (it melts the polystyrene ) so you shou ld use a heat sink (such as a crocodile clip). Clip the heat sink to the lead between the capacitor and the joint. VARIABLE CAPACITORS Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio receiver tuning circuits and they are sometimes called tuning capacitors. They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pF and 500pF (100pF=0. 0001F). The type illustrated usually has trimmers built in (for making small adjustments see below) as well as the main variable capacitor. Many variable capacitors have very short spindles which are not suitable for the standard knobs used for variable resistors and rotary switches. It would be wise to check that a suitable knob is available before ordering a variable capacitor.Variable capacitors arenotnormally used in timing circuits because their capacitance is too small to be practical and the range of values available is very limited. Instead timing circuits use a persistent capacitor and a variable resistor if it is necessary to vary the time period. picpic Variable Capacitor symbolic re entry Variable Capacitor TRIMMER CAPACITORS Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors.They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers. The process of adjusting them requires patience because the presence of your hand and the tool will slightly change the capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitances, normally less than 100pF. It is impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero, so they are usually specified by their minimum and maximum values, for example 2-10pF.Trimmers are the capacitor equivalent ofpresetswhich are miniature variable resistors. pic pic Trimmer Capacitor Symbol Trimmer Capacitor CAPACITOR NUMBER cypher A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficul t the world-class number is the 1st digit, the 2nd number is the 2nd digit, The 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF. Ignore any letters they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.For example 102means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF ) For example 472Jmeans 4700pF = 4. 7nF (J means 5% tolerance). Color Code Color Number Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Grey 8 White 9 CAPACITOR colour in CODE A color code was used on polyester capacitors for many years. It is now obsolete, but of signifier there are many still around.The colors should be read like the resistor code, the top three color bands giving the value in pF. Ignore the 4th band (tolerance) and 5th band (voltage rating). For example Brown, black, orange means 10000pF = 10nF = 0. 01F. Note that there are no gaps between the colors bands, so 2 identical bands actually appear as a wide band. For example Wide red, yellow means 220nF = 0. 22F. CHAPTER 6 TRANSI STORS INTRODUCTION Transistors amplify current, A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE. pic pic Transistor circuit symbols Types of transistor There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are raw to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors. The leads are labeled base (B), accumulator (C) and emitter (E). These ground efer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels. CONNECTING Transistors have three leads which must be connected the correct way rou nd. Please take care with this because a wrongly connected transistor may be damaged instantly when you switch on. If you are lucky the orientation of the transistor will be clear from the PCB or strip board layout diagram, otherwise you will need to refer to a suppliers catalogue to identify the leads. The drawings on the right show the leads for some of the most common case styles.Please note that transistor lead diagrams show the view from below with the leads towards you. This is the opposite of IC (chip) pin diagrams which show the view from above. pic TRANSISTOR CODES There are three main series of transistor codes used in the UK ? Codes beginning with B (or A), for example BC108, BC478 the first letter B is for silicon, A is for germanium (rarely used now). The moment letter indicates the type for example C means low power audio frequency D means high power audio frequency F means low power high frequency. The rest of the code identifies the particular transistor.There is no obvious logic to the numbering system. Sometimes a letter is added to the end (e. g. BC108C) to identify a special version of the main type, for example a higher current gain or a different case style. If a project specifies a higher gain version (BC108C) it must be used, but if the general code is given (BC108) any transistor with that code is suitable. ? Codes beginning with TIP, for example TIP31A TIP refers to the manufacturer Texas Instruments Power transistor. The letter at the end identifies versions with different voltage ratings. ? Codes beginning with 2N, for example 2N3053The initial 2N identifies the part as a transistor and the rest of the code identifies the particular transistor. There is no obvious logic to the numbering system. CHOOSING A TRANSISTOR Most projects will specify a particular transistor, but if necessary you can usually substitute an equivalent transistor from the wide range available. The most important properties to look for are the maximum collector current IC and the current gain hFE. To make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in categories determined either by their typical use or maximum power rating. NPN transistors Code PNP transistors Code Structure Casestyle There is a diagram showing the leads for some of the most common case styles in the Connecting section above.This discipline is also available in suppliers catalogues. IC max. Maximum collector current. VCE max. Maximum voltage across the collector-emitter junction. You can ignore this rating in low voltage circuits. hFE This is the current gain (strictly the DC current gain). The guaranteed minimum value is given because the actual value varies from transistor to transistor even for those of the same type Note that current gain is just a number so it has no units. The gain is often quoted at a particular collector current IC which is usually in the middle of the transistors range, for example emailprotected means the gain i s at least 100 at 20mA. Sometimes minimum and maximum values are given. Since the gain is roughly constant for various currents but it varies from transistor to transistor this detail is only really of interest to experts. Why hFE? It is one of a whole series of parameters for transistors, each with their own symbol. There are too many to explain here. Ptot max. Maximum total power which can be developed in the transistor, note that a heatsink will be required to achieve the maximum rating. This rating is important for transistors operate as amplifiers the power is roughly IC ? VCE. For transistors operating as switches the maximum collector current (IC max. is more important. Category This shows the typical use for the transistor, it is a good starting point when tone for a substitute. Catalogues may have separate tables for different categories. Possiblesubstitutes These are transistors with similar electrical properties which will be suitable substitutes in most circuits. However, they may have a different case style so you will need to take care when placing them on the circuit board. THE NPN TRANSISTORIn the previous tutorial we sawing machine that the standard Bipolar Transistor or BJT comes in two basic forms. An NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) type and a PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) type, with the most commonly used transistor type being the NPN Transistor. We also learnt that the transistor junctions can be diagonal in one of three different ways Common Base, Common Emitter and Common Collector. In this tutorial we will look more closely at the Common Emitter configuration using NPN Transistors with an example of the construction of a NPN transistor along with the transistors current flow characteristics is given below. pic THE COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION As well as being used as a semiconductor switch to turn load currents ON or OFF by controlling the Base signal to the transistor in ether its loudness or cut-off re gions, NPN Transistors can also be used in its active region to produce a circuit which will amplify any small AC signal applied to its Base terminal with the Emitter grounded. If a suitable DC biasing voltage is firstly applied to the transistors Base terminal thus allowing it to always operate within its linear active region, an inverting amplifier circuit called a single stage common emitter amplifier is produced.One such Common Emitter Amplifier configuration of an NPN transistor is called a Class A Amplifier. A Class an Amplifier operation is one where the transistors Base terminal is biased in such a way as to forward bias the Base-emitter junction. The result is that the transistor is always operating halfway between its cut-off and saturation regions, thereby allowing the transistor amplifier to accurately reproduce the positive and negative halves of any AC input signal superimposed upon this DC biasing voltage. Without this submit Voltage only one half of the input wavefo rm would be amplified.This common emitter amplifier configuration using an NPN transistor has many applications but is commonly used in audio circuits such as pre-amplifier and power amplifier stages. With reference to the common emitter configuration shown below, a family of curves known as the Output Characteristics Curves relates the output collector current, (Ic) to the collector voltage, (Vce) when different values of Base current, (Ib) are applied to the transistor for transistors with the same ? value. A DC dispatch Line can also be drawn onto the output characteristics curves to show all the possible operating points when ifferent values of base current are applied. It is necessary to set the initial value of Vce correctly to allow the output voltage to vary both up and down when amplifying AC input signals and this is called setting the operating point or Quiescent Point, Q-point for short and this is shown below. SINGLE STAGE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT pic CHAPTER 7 CONDENSER MIC pic INTRODUCTION Microphones are a type oftransducer a device which converts energy from one form to another.Microphones convert acoustical energy (sound waves) into electrical energy (the audio signal). Different types of microphone have different ways of converting energy but they all share one thing in common Thediaphragm. This is a thin piece of material (such as paper, plastic or aluminum) which vibrates when it is struck by sound waves. In a typical hand-held mic like the one below, the diaphragm is located in the head of the microphone. LOCATION OF mike DIAPHRAGM pic When the diaphragm vibrates, it causes other components in the microphone to vibrate.These vibrations are converted into an electrical current which becomes the audio signal. Note At the other end of the audio chain, the loudspeaker is also a transducer it converts the electrical energy back into acoustical energy. TYPES OF MICROPHONE There are a number of different types of microphone in comm on use. The differences can be divided into two areas (a) THE TYPE OF CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY THEY USE this refers to the proficient method the mic uses to convert sound into electricity. The most common technologies are dynamic, condenser, ribbon and crystal.Each has advantages and disadvantages, and each is generally more suited to certain types of application. The following pages will provide details. (b) THE TYPE OF APPLICATION THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR some mics are designed for general use and can be used effectively in many different situations. Others are very specialized and are only really useful for their intended purpose. Characteristics to look for include fashional properties, frequency retort and impedance (more on these later). MIC train & LINE LEVEL The electrical current generated by a microphone is very small.Referred to as mic level, this signal is typically measured in mill volts. Before it can be used for anything serious the signal needs to be amplified, usually to line level (typically 0. 5 -2V). Being a stronger and more robust signal, line level is the standard signal strength used by audio processing equipment and common domestic equipment such as CD players, tape machines, VCRs, etc. This amplification is achieved in one or more of the following ways Some microphones have tiny built-in amplifiers which boost the signal to a high mic level or line level. The mic can be fed through a small boosting amplifier, often called a line amp. Sound mixers have small amplifiers in each channel. Attenuators can accommodate mics of varying levels and adjust them all to an even line level. The audio signal is fed to a power amplifier a specialized amp which boosts the signal enough to be fed to loudspeakers. Audio signal is fed to a power amplifier a specialized amp which boosts the signal enough to be fed to loudspeakers. CONDENSER MICROPHONES electrical capacitymeanscapacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an ele ctrostatic field.The term condenseris actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy. Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort. HOW CONDENSER MICROPHONES WORK A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them.In the condenser mic, one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and accordingly changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the plat es are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs. A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power.Phantom power is a means of distributing a DC current through audio cables to provide power for microphones and other equipment. The supplied voltage is usually between 12 and 48 Volts, with 48V being the most common. Individual microphones draw as much current from this voltage as they need. pic THE ELECTRET CONDENSER MICROPHONE The Electret condenser mic uses a special type of capacitor which has a permanent voltage built in during manufacture. This is somewhat like a permanent magnet, in that it doesnt require any external power for operation.However good Electret condensers mics usually include a pre-amplifier which does still require power. Other than this difference, you can think of an Electret condenser microphone as being the same as a normal condenser. Te chnical Notes Condenser microphones have a flatter(prenominal) frequency response than dynamics. A condenser mic works in much the same way as an electrostatic tweeter (although obviously in reverse) directing PROPERTIES Every microphone has a property known as cathexisality. This describes the microphones sensitivity to sound from various directions.Some microphones pick up sound equally from all directions others pick up sound only from one direction or a particular combination of directions. The types of directionality are divided into three main categories 1. OMNI guiding Picks up sound evenly from all directions (Omni means all or every). 2. UNIDIRECTIONAL Picks up sound predominantly from one direction. 3. BIDIRECTIONAL picks up sound from two opposite directions. CHAPTER 8 IC LM386N pic INTRODUCTION The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications.The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an ext ernal resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 mill watts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation. FEATURES Battery operation Minimum external parts Wide supply voltage range 4V12V or 5V18V Low quiescent current drain 4mA Voltage gains from 20 to 200Ground referenced input Self-centering output quiescent voltage Low distortion 0. 2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8W, PO =125mW, f = 1 kHz) Available in 8 pin MSOP package APPLICATION HINTS GAIN CONTROL To make the LM386 a more varied amplifier, two pins (1 and 8) are provided for gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open the 1. 35 k? resistor sets the gain at 20 (26 dB). If a capacitor is put from pin 1 to 8, revolveing the 1. 35 k? resistor, the gain will go up to 200 (46 dB). If a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor, the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200.Gain control can also be done by capacitive coupling a resistor (or FET) from pin 1 to ground. Additional external components can be placed in parallel with the internal feedback resistors to tailor the gain and frequency response for individual applications. For example, we can compensate poor speaker bass response by frequency cause the feedback path. This is done with a series RC from pin 1 to 5 (paralleling the internal 15 k? resistor). For 6 dB effective bass boost R. 15 k? , the lowest value for good stable operation is R = 10 k? if pin 8 is open. If pins 1 and 8 are bypassed then R as low as 2 k? an be used. This restriction is because the amplifier is only salaried for closed-loop gains greater than 9. INPUT BIASING The schematic shows that both inputs are biased to ground with a 50 kW resistor. The base current of the input transistors is about 250 nA, so the inputs are at about 12. 5 mV when left open. If the dc source resistance driving the LM386 is higher than 250 kW it will contribute very little additional offset (about 2. 5 mV at the input, 50 mV at the output). If the dc source resistance is less than 10 kW, then shorting the invigorated input to ground will keep the offset low (about 2. mV At the input, 50 mV at the output). For dc source resistances between these values we can eliminate excess offset by putting a resistor from the unused input to ground, equal in value to the dc source resistance. Of course all offset problems are eliminated if the input is capacitive coupled. When using the LM386 with higher gains (bypassing the 1. 35 kW resistors between pins 1 and 8) it is necessary to bypass the unused input, preventing degradation of gain and possible instabilities. This is done with a 0. 1 ? F capacitor or a short to ground depending on the dc source resistance on the driven input.CHAPTER 9 EARPHONE pic INTRODUCTION Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, held close to a users ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player or portable media player. They are also known as stereophones, headsets or, colloquially cans. The in-ear versions are known as earphones or earbuds. In the context of telecommunication, the term headset is used to describe a combination of headphone and microphone used for two-way communication, for example with a telephone.The telephone earpiece such as the one pictured at the right was common at the beginning of the 20th century. Headphones originated from the earpiece, and were the only way to listen to audio signals before amplifiers were developed. The first truly successful set was developed by Nathaniel Baldwin, who made them by hand in his kitchen and sold them to the U. S. Navy. Very sensitive headphones such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919 were commonly used for early radio work. These early headphones used moving iron drivers, either single ended or balanced armature.The requirement for high sensitivity meant no damping was used, thus the sound quality was crude. They also had very poor comfort compared to modern types, usually having no padding and too often having excessive clamping force to the head. Their impedance varied headphones used in telegraph and telephone work had an impedance of 75 ohms. Those used with early wireless radio had to be more sensitive and were made with more turns of finer wire impedance of 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and triode receivers.In early powered radios, the headphone was part of the vacuum tubes plate circuit and had dangerous voltages on it. It was normally connected directly to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely earthed. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while adjusting an uncomfortable headset. APPLICATIONS Headphones may be used both with fixed equipment such as CD or DVD players, home theater, individualal computers and with portable devices (e. g. igital audio player/mp3 player, mobile phone, etc. ). Cordless headphones are not connected via a wire, receiving a radio or infrared signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmittance link, like FM, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. These are actually made of powered receiver systems of which the headphone is only a component, these types of cordless headphones are being used more frequently with events such as a silent disco or Silent Gig. In the professional audio sector headphones are used in live situations by disc jockeys with a DJ mixer and sound engineers for monitoring signal sources.In radio studios, DJs use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off, to eliminate acoustic feedback and monitor their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play alon g to a backing track. In the military, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones. Wired headphones are attached to an audio source. The most common connection standards are 6. 35mm ( ) and 3. 5mm TRS connexions and sockets. The larger 6. 35mm connector tending to be found on fixed stead home or professional equipment.Sony introduced the smaller, and now widely used, 3. 5mm minijack stereo connector in 1979, adapting the older monophonic 3. 5mm connector for use with its Walkman portable stereo tape player and the 3. 5mm connector remains the common connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6. 35mm and 3. 5mm devices. BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS pic Headphones may be used to prevent other people from sense of hearing the sound either for privacy or to prevent disturbance, as in auditory modality in a public library.They can also provide a level of sound faithfulness greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20Hz within 3dB. However, rated frequency response distortion figures do not provide development on what character the sound reproduced at that frequency will be. Marketed claims such as frequency response 4Hz to 20kHz are usually overstatements the products response at frequencies lower than 20Hz is typically very small.Headphones are also useful for video games that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent). Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to stereo recordings since the release of the Walkman, there is essential debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the posit ion of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume differences of the sound in question between the two channels.When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the phase difference the outlook uses to locate direction. Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard panned sounds will also only be heard only in one ear rather than from one side. This latter point is of particular importance for earlier stereo recordings which were less sophisticated, sometimes playing vocals through one channel and music through the other.Binaural recordings use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference (except above 2kHz) often using a dummy head, and can produce a surprisingly life-like spatial impression through headphones. commercialised recordings almost always use stereo recording, because historically l oudspeaker listening has been more popular than headphone listening. It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels, orbetter stillaBlumlein shuffler (a custom EQ employed to augment the low-frequency content of the difference information in a stereo signal). While cross-feed can reduce the unpleasantness that some listeners find with hard panned stereo in headphones, the use of a dummy head during recording, with artificial pinnae, can allow on playback through headphones, the experience of hearing the performance as though situated in the position of the dummy head. Optimal sound is achieved when the dummy head matches the listeners head, since pinnae vary greatly in size and shape.Headsets can have ergonomic benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow call center agents to maintain better posture instead of tilting th eir head sideways to cradle a handset. oer time, headphone cables fail. The common scenario in which a replacement might need to be purchased is the physical sectionalisation of copper wiring at junction points on the cord (at the TRS jack, or at the point of connection to the headphone). These are the sites of greatest and most stressful motion on a cord and so they are typically fitted with some kind of strain relief.CHAPTER 10 APPLICATIONS,FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION APPLICATIONS IN SPY AGENCIES pic 1. To hear private colloquys of anyone. 2. To caught anyone doing any illegal work. SOUND AMPLIFIER 1. To amplify the low power audio signals. 2. In hearing aids. SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS As a spy can be use in 1. Concert halls 2. Court houses 3. Conference rooms 4. Embassies 5. Government facilities 6. Recording studios. 7. In army. 8. Secret agencies. FUTURE SCOPE picSpy ears are widely using in the spy agencies due to its amplifying capability of the low power audio signals into t he high power audible audio signals due to this property of spy ears we can use it to hear the private conversations of anyone, In the present time spy ears are very popular to hear the private conversations and it can also be used as a hearing aid for the persons who do not have the ability to hear the voice correctly. Spy ears amplifies the sound so it amplify the sounds of low signal for the person and he can clearly hear the voice of the other person and other things.If we consider the coming(prenominal) prospectus than we can imagine that spy ears will become very popular in the future due to its hiding capability because we all know that at what rate corruption and illegal things are increasing so due to help of this equipment we can hear the conversation of any suspicious person and stop him. Spy ear can easily hide so they are very difficult to find and the other person can not see it and we can easily hear the conversation of the peritcular person and he van not imagine th an someone hearing his conversation and his secret is now opened.TYPES OF SPY EAR In the present condition spy ear are of two types 1. Wired. 2. Wireless. 1. pumped(p) pic ? Wired spy ear for the short distance use only. ? We can only hear the sound of the person who is near the spy ear. ? Due to its short distance use they are now uses very less in compare to wireless spy ears. ? Wired spy ear can be used to hear the voice of the person at bus stop, school, colleges and many other places without getting his/her prudence towards us. ? Wired spy ear can also be used as a hearing aid because of its audio amplifying capability.But if we see in present condition the use of wired spy ears is very less because wireless spy ears can cover a wide range than the wired spy ears, many spy agencies and private security forces use wireless spy ear for the long distance communication. 2. WIRELESS pic ? Wire less spy ears are widely using for the long distance conversation due to its capability o f receiving and sending signals from the long distance. ? Wire less spy ears are widely using in spy agencies and private security agencies to connect an long distance communication. ? Wire less spy ear consist of a receiving and a transmitting device. Both device are fabricated on the separate board so they have the property of long distance connectivity and the voice quality is also good. ? Wire less spy ears are also using with the mobile equipments. Transmitting device contain a sim and from our we call on it and after the connectivity we can hear and transmit our voice without getting the attention of the other person. CONCLUSION By the above all discussion at last we can regularize that the spy ear is very helpful at many levels such as PRIVATE LEVEL We can hear the conversation of our neighbours without getting their attention. We can hear the conversation of people at bus stop, school, colleges without looking towards them We can use it as h sound amplifier for low voice signals etc. country LEVEL We can use spy ear to hear the conversation of any suspected person and can know that what is going on. We can use it against any corrupted person and send him in the jail. At last we can say that the spy ears are very helpful for private as well as national security purpose and in future they will become more popular due to there ability of hiding and catching low frequency voice signal. IASSCOM event INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1