Socrates – Wisest Man

â€Å"Wisest is he who knows that he does not Know. † This was one of the statements attributed to Socrates who is regarded as one of mankind’s greatest teachers and the wisest man who ever lived. He was also considered as one of the most enigmatic figures in the history of philosophy. Socrates was a very ugly individual. He was potbellied, had a bulging eyes and a snub nose. He did not write anything down. Everything that we know about him was because of Plato and other philosophers like Xenophon who discussed Socrates in their dialogues. What is surprising is that he acquired the stature of being one of the most influential person in the history of philosophy without writing a single philosophical article. (The Bluffer’s Guide to Philosophy, p 10) This essay aims to prove that Socrates was indeed the wisest man who has ever lived in this world. In the third subsection, I aim to present my arguments and reasons why I think Socrates is the wisest man who has ever lived. In the fourth subsection, I aim to present the antithesis to my arguments. In the concluding part, I aim to synthesize all the arguments taking into consideration the antithesis. II. Sophists To understand Socrates however, it is important that a discussion be devoted to the so-called Philosophers during his time. They were known as the Sophists. The Sophists were famous during his time. They were not Athenian citizens but they wandered from city to city to deliver their lectures on philosophy for a fee. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle criticized the Sophists for professionalizing the commercializing education. Sophists: The Origin of Western Philosophical Ethics) Socrates was very critical against the Sophists. It is said that Socrates defended philosophy and the society against the Sophists. Michael Curtis, in the Great Political Thinkers: Volume 1, asserted that : â€Å"Socrates criticized the Sophists as a group for professing false knowledge, not in the sense of misleading or incorrect information, but in not penetrating sufficiently t he significance of the subject they were treating. †(Curtis 26) One of the leading Sophists was Protagoras. They theorized that universal principles do not exist and if ever they existed man is not capable of knowing them. The Sophists therefore advocated a philosophy of relativism. Jostein Gaarder in ‘Sophies World’ attributed the statement â€Å"Man is the Measure of all things† (Gaarder 49) to Protagoras. He meant that man has no capability of knowing what is good or bad which is universally valid for anyone regardless of place and time. To know whether an act is good or bad will entirely depend on that particular individual. If an act is good for him, then it is considered good. Thus whether an act is good or bad will have to be considered in relation to man’s needs. (Gaarder 50) III. Socrates as the Wisest Man Socrates should be considered the wisest man because he changed the method of education. Emphasizing the value of education he discussed with his students for free. He did not charge a large sum of money to his students unlike the Sophists who commercialized the education of the youth in Athens by exacting from them fees in exchange for conducting lectures. He should be regarded as the wisest man in the world because of his method of teaching which is called the Socratic Method. Socrates compared his method to a midwife. Midwifery is defined as the art & practice of attending upon women in childbirth (Midwifery). A midwife does not herself give birth to the child but she merely helps in the child’s delivery. Socrates used the same method. He did not teach students by giving lectures because for him knowledge must come from within. True knowledge according to Socrates is a two-way process. It cannot come from the teacher alone. Plato in his work Theaetetus discussed the similarity of Socratic method with the art of midwifery, to wit: â€Å"Well, my art of midwifery is in most respects like theirs; but differs in that I attend men and not women, and I look after their souls when they are in labor, and not after their bodies, and the triumph of my art is in thoroughly examining whether the thought which the mind of the young man brings forth is a false idol or a noble and true birth. † (Theaetetus) The Socratic Method consists of two processes. Socrates argued that the first step to acquiring knowledge is to clear the mind of all the biases and prejudices. There must be a humble acceptance and confession of ignorance. Socrates once said that there is only one thing that I know and that is that I know nothing’ (Gaarder 53). True knowledge will only be acquired after one has accepted his ignorance. The second step will be the maeiutic process. The term came from the Greek word â€Å"maieutikos’ wherein Socrates attempted to draw out of the students’ mind the knowledge. Socrates then engaged his students in a debate. Socrates questioned his students the purpose is to get the foundations of the views and opinions of his students until a contradiction in their views is discovered. Thus, in this process Socrates hoped to destroy the incorrect propositions and assumptions and develop and improve the correct propositions. Socrates should be considered the wisest man who ever lived because he stressed the dangers of ignorance. According to Socrates, ignorance consisted in not knowing that there exists universal principles and that man is capable of knowing them. True knowledge consisted in knowing that universal principles exist. Socrates thus sought to liberate the people from the relativist philosophy of the Sophists. For Socrates, to uphold the Sophists view society will be in chaos. For who will now determine which act is good or bad for the society. A person can therefore perform any act which he deems right for himself regardless of its effect on other people. In contrast, Socrates argued that there exist universal norms and principles which are valid regardless of place and time. Socrates argued that â€Å"Knowledge is Virtue†. He argued that man is inherently good. He will not purposely do evil. If one knows what is good then man will do good. If ever man does evil it is because he does not know any better or because his knowledge is imperfect or inadequate. Thus, Socrates explains the great problem of evil: evil which is mostly moral evil is due to ignorance or the limitation and imperfection of man’s perfect knowledge. This is affirmed by Garth Kemerling in his essay â€Å"Socrates† â€Å"Socrates argues here that knowledge and virtue are so closely related that no human agent ever knowingly does will : we all invariably do what we believe to be best. Improper conduct, then, can only be a product of our ignorance rather than a symptom of weakness of the will. (Kemerling) IV. Socrates is not the Wisest Man If there are people who believe that Socrates was the wisest man some people believe that he is not the wisest man because of his erroneous assumption that knowledge will rid the world of evil. Lack of knowledge is not the only propeller that drives man to do evil. I think Socrates may have failed to consider the power of instinct and passions that are capable of making man commit evil. It cannot be denied that against all wisdom and common sense man still is forced to commit evil. Some people have been gifted with the greatest minds in the world but they still commit crimes and lead immoral lives. Consider the terrorist attacks our countries have experienced. The attackers instead of using their intelligence to avoid violence are spearheading the attacks against our country. V. Conclusion The philosophy of Socrates was unique for his time. He went against the prevailing tide and told the Athenian people that if they continue to believe the Sophists, Athens was headed for destruction. The objection that man despite its knowledge continuously commits evil is precisely because of the limitation and imperfection of his knowledge. The terrorists thinking that they have noble cause commit these atrocious acts not knowing that they are committing a grave and serious evil. Socrates taught us all to reexamine ourselves and our deeply cherished belief. He invited us to question every belief, opinion and subject them to scrutiny. Most of the time we get too involved with what we thought we knew where in fact we know nothing about it. It is time for us to free ourselves from our biases and prejudices. Biases and prejudices if left unexamined could shape our lives without us knowing it. They affect how we see the world and how we respond to it. Liberating ourselves from our own biases and prejudices will help us better understand our lives and our place in this world. Socratic philosophy is in reality an invitation for us to â€Å"know ourselves†. It is because of this reason that I think Socrates is the wisest person Socrates inspires us to once more see the world from the eyes of the child. Most of the time we are so used to the world that we begin to accept things as they are. What could be worse than a man lives his life full of biases and prejudices. ‘An unexamined life is not worth living. ’

Geography Was the Primary Factor in Shaping the Development of the British Colonies in North America

Throughout the course of human history, geography has always played an essential role in the migration and development of various civilizations. It influenced the way people lived, the food they ate, and their entire life. For some colonies, the geography was perfect to live in, while others had to endure harsh conditions. When the Quakers first arrived to Pennsylvania, they were able to establish a successful colony through hard work, but their geography was what determined the success. The warm climate and fertile soil made it an excellent place to grow wheat, bread, and other profitable crops to supply more than enough for everyone. The Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware) did not only have fertile land, but they also had rivers and the sea for hunting fish and establishing ports. The ports made it accessible for the Middle Colonies to easily trade goods with Great Britain and other colonies, enticing foreigners such as the Germans and Scots Irish to settle down. On the other hand, the New England Colonies did not fare off as well as the Middle Colonies did, since the land wasn’t as fertile and the colonies was located on a rocky region, making it hard for plants to grow. When Jamestown was first established, the colonists faced a very difficult time because they were unprepared for the cold weather and lacked food to survive through the harsh climates. However, they were able to prevail and utilized the sea and abundance of trees, and eventually grew tobacco to become rich and successful. While geography played a significant factor in the development of colonies, one should also consider the influence of religion. People that wanted to escape religious persecution from the Anglican Church established colonies and soon, people flooded into the Americas. However, within these religious communities were those that had their own beliefs, and these people created their own colonies. For example, Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker had differentiating views of how the community should be run, and they were banished. Despite this banishment, Roger Williams eventually established Rhode Island, where he allowed complete religious tolerance and Thomas Hooker created Connecticut for much more lenient voting right requirements. Geography surely was a primary factor in the development of British colonies in North America as it determined the success or failure of the colonies, but religion also greatly influenced the development of the British colonies.

Firework by katy perry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Firework by katy perry - Essay Example Katy Perry- as the author of the song captures the exact feelings and experiences of the youth today thereby motivating and inspiring them in times of many difficult situations and not to give up their precious life. The words of Perry expresses what’s inside of her relating the message powerfully with a good pulsating rhythm. It is a vibrant song calling the target audience to ignite themselves and free their full potentials to make them who they should be in this fast competitive world. It is a song of encouragement to overcome the inner selves and arise as victors, thus creating a kaleidoscope. The Author of the Text â€Å"Firework† as the world recognizes, is a song done by Katy Perry. The lyrics however were co-written by various people behind the scenes such as Ester Dean, Sandy Wilhelm, Tor Hermansen, Mikkel Eriksen and Katy Perry herself. There is no question about how Katy Perry rendered the song, because she’d done it quite perfectly. The song meant to inspire people, especially the youth, to overcome their insecurities and fears (Gundersen par 5). Perry reminds her audience that within them there is a spark that can ignite them and make them shine (AZLyrics.com par. 5). Perry’s personal life greatly affects the total impact of the song. Being brought up in a Christian family, she was restricted from listening to worldly and secular music. Her environment was secluded with listening to gospel music devoid of the music beyond. She pursued music with the songs preferred by her family singing gospel songs and albums. But this quest was in vain. Being a girl with a spirit, she didn’t give up music that easily. Instead, she ignited the firework within her, releasing her true potentials in music. She threw her restrictions, went out of her cage, faced her fears and tried a whole new thing. She started singing secular music, and she made a very great success. A kaleidoscopic thing happened to her as her sparks brought her t o be famous in the international music industry. Now, she is more than famous as the youth of today consider her as an icon in the music world expanding even to movies and films. Perry reflects social ideas in that she seeks to empower people to live beyond their common fears and shine. While the song does not respond to a historical movement, it represents the current state of affairs in society – many people struggling with various issues that limit their potential. The audience should know that Perry has struggled to become a success story. The Audience of the Text â€Å"Firework† is dedicated to everybody. However, as Perry represents the youth of today and her music style is greatly fitted with the current generations, the song attracts the youth. The message embedded in the song however relates to anyone with inner struggles to ignite themselves and release their full potentials in life thereby making them who they want to be. Anyone can relate to the issues of t he song. As the first part of the song says, â€Å"Do you ever feel, feel so paper thin; Like a house of cards, one blown caving in?† (AZLyrics.com par. 1), it calls to people who are suffering and struggling in this life. Anyone can surely relate to this situation since humans are insatiable creatures having some infinite cravings that can not be satisfied regardless of their social status in life. Poor people may lack money, rich people may lack love, young people lack

Wave Motion - Pest in the Pool Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wave Motion - Pest in the Pool - Assignment Example This natural frequency was calculated to be. Stationary waves commonly referred to as standing waves are waves that appear to be moving back and forth on the same sport i.e. they oscillate instead of making linear motion. This phenomenon can take place if two waves of equal wavelength and frequency travelling in the opposite directions superimpose on each other (Jerry, 2006). On the water, two water waves travelling in the opposite direction can be produced by sending a wave against a barrier that will block further propagation of the wave. Hence reflect the wave back in the opposite way. This reflected wave which is a counter-propagating wave is of the same amplitude, wavelength and frequency as the incident wave. Thus, these two waves will interfere both constructively and destructively (Halliday, Robert & Jearl, 2006). Standing waves being oscillations nature other than linear motion; they take on basic parameters related to oscillations such as; angular frequency and period. The angular frequency, , and period, T, are related according to the formula below; Where  is the velocity of the wave,  is the linear frequency and  is the distance between two successive crests of the incident wave (Feynman, Leighton, and Sands, 2013). The frequency of the propagating wave is the same as the frequency of the wave marker. The frequency can also be obtained from the period of one complete cycle as; Where the crest of one wave and trough of the other wave meets, they cancel out creating a node at that point. Halfway between two nodes the two waves superimpose constructively building an antinode. Antinodes are the points of maximum displacements. The distance between two nodes, L, is related to the wavelength of the wave by; By using a buoyancy board, water waves are generated and sent to the other end of the pool at same interval. The wall of the opposite side of the pool will act as a barrier and reflect the periodic wave back in the opposite

Employment flexibility - Australian perspective Essay

Employment flexibility - Australian perspective - Essay Example It is mainly due to the changing economic conditions and business scenario of the entire globe. By doing so, the organization might cope-up with the changing market conditions and requirements of the customers. As a result, the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization enhances resulting in amplification of its brand image and reputation in the market among others. Other than this, the demand and requirements of the products increased to a significant extent resulting in enhancement of its brand equity and profit margin in the entire market among other competitors operating in similar field. However, in order to increase the rate of competitiveness in global perspectives, maximum extent of the organizations desires to implement the concept of flexibility in the employment conditions of the workers. This helps the employees to avail the facility of varied working schedules and timings resulting in improvement of the morale and performance level of the employees. As a result, th e level of productivity of the workers and organization enhanced to a considerable extent thereby enhancing its level of sustainability in this competitive scenario among other rival entrants. Thus, this concept proved extremely effective for the organizations and the workers operating in Australian market (Macdonalds, 2003). What Is Flexibility In Employment Mean? According to Reilly (2001), flexibility in working conditions means that getting adjusted to the economic conditions and also the working schedules so as to increase the productivity and efficiency of the organizations in the market among others. Not only this, it might also prove effective for the employees to increase their morale and dedication towards work resulting in amplification of their performance in the organization. Moreover, this concept is appreciated both by the management as well as the employees of the organization as it highlighted the outcomes-oriented approach. This means that time is not the prime con straint, but outcome or productivity is the prime thing. The employee had to offer the amount of work allotted to him or her in his preferred or ideal time so as to improve their level of performance and motivation as well. Thus, the National Qualification Framework (NQF) offered more concentration over outcome-oriented approach rather than time-control approach in Australian organizations (Reilly, 2001). Thus, this approach is highly appreciated by both the employers and the employees of the Australian organization as compared to others. Literature review According to Auer & Cazes (2003), employment flexibility is one of the innovative concept emerged in the recent age. The prime reason for the introduction of this concept is to motivate both the employees and the employer of the organization. The main aim of the employer of any organization in this age is to enhance its range of profit thereby fulfilling both the basic and psychological needs of the employees. Only then, the emplo yees would become satisfied and as a result their level of performance and inner dedication might improve. Due to which, the level of efficiency and devotion towards the responsibilities of the work might enhance resulting in fulfilment of the common objective of the organization. Side by side, by observing the dedication level of the senior employees, the juniors might also adopt the similar working behaviour and culture resulting in enhancement of the total sales and ROI of the Australian organization in the entire globe among other rivals (Government of

Risk Management Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk Management Paper - Assignment Example The institution has a bed capacity of 112 and a home care program. Currently, MedWest has identified catheter associated urinary infections as their most significant hospital acquired infection even though other infections are also under review. Steps that have been put in place to address the issue The hospice has dealt with this problem by first tackling patient identification. Samples and specimens from and for patients must be labeled correctly. This ensures that if they are eligible for blood transfusions, they get the correct ones. Furthermore, identification is done in the patient’s presence in order to ensure accuracy. MedWest Haywood also has a communication policy for caregivers. This means that test results and other documentations must be delivered to the right medical personnel within the appropriate time. Furthermore documentation of that communication ought to be recorded. The institution has also established a standardized communication format that members of t he institution are supposed to follow. These formats include SBAR and Ticket Ride (MedWest Carolinas Health Care, 2011). Aside from communication and patient labeling, the company has also worked on medicine administration. MedWest has procedures for labeling all medications. Persons under anticoagulant therapy are more likely than others to be harmed. Therefore, specific procedures must be adhered to when dealing with these patients. The institution has standards and procedures for reducing the quantity of drug concentrations in its environs. It strictly adheres to the five principles of medical administration that focus on giving patients the right medication at the right time, to the right person, in the correct dosage, using the appropriate route. Particular emphasis is given on medicines that sound or look alike as these are likely to cause errors. Medication containers with syringes or other apparatus are labeled. Care is taken during preoperative settings as well as other pro cedural environments. A protocol for reconciling medication throughout the care continuum exists in the Hospice. Direct infections brought on by medical practitioners are controlled through adherence to national standards for hand hygiene. Medical professionals must wash hands prior to and after contact with patients. They are also expected to follow rules for isolation of patients who may be at risk of infecting others. MedWest expects its staff to adhere to national guidelines concerning difficult to treat infections. It also follows similar procedures for control of infections after surgery as well as prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections. In surgery, MedWest Haywood prevents infections by having a time out procedure. Here, all the professionals involved in the surgery will identity the correct time out. Additionally, they must mark the surgical site but do this in accordance to preset rules. They are also supposed to surgically pause before starting the proc edure in order to ensure that the right patient, site and procedure have been identified. How the agency developed a path to remedy the problem First, the organization identified the impact of health problems and the amount of risk that patients are exposed. By showing these challenges, it would be possible to get buy in from the professionals responsible for risk exposure as well as risk mitigation. This would also ensure that management and other stakeholders of the

Analysis of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of organization - Essay Example He calls this the 20 mile walk and gives an analogy of two people walking from one city to another separated by a three thousand mile distance. Jim Collins says that the first person goes through a journey of 20 miles per day and makes sure that despite the bad weather or any other challenge, he manages this. This first person also makes sure that even when the weather is good, the person will still only walk the twenty percent and not more. The second person on the other hand walks longer distances during good weather but slips back to rest during the bad weather. Jim Collins shows hwy the first person is likely to reach the second city faster than the second person and also easy that the second person ay never be able to reach the destination. What the author is talking about here is that the first controlled progress is very important and involves setting achievable but significant goals that must be achieved no matter what. This, as the author puts it, means that the firm has to have the ambition to achieve and the discipline to restraint itself. Controlled progress then becomes the best way to steer the firm to the right destination and therefore means t that the firs will be able to grow during the bad weather as well as the good weather. Good versus bad leadership Jim Collins also identifies leadership as a very important factor to determine how the company will grow. According to this book, leadership is very important in determining how the organization will be able to fight through the fog of economic hardship. Good leaders, he argues, will be able to help their followers to achieve better and to achieve growth regardless of the situation the economic condition. Good leaders will help those under them to have the willpower and the motivation to press on even through the bad times. They will also inspire those under them to be able to act in the professional and ethical way. This book identifies that the leaders are most able to go on and make a bi dif ference in the way the organization will be able to survive in a very harsh marketplace. Jim Collins’ revolves around the role of leadership in determining whether the organization will manage to growth during the bad times and even during the good times. He gives an illustration of how bad leadership can lead the failure of an organization. To do this, the author uses the real life example of two team that set to visit the south pole and gives and account of how the first team, led by Scott was able to arrive at the south pole over a month earlier than the second team and managed to come back safely while the other team perished. Good leadership combined with controlled growth makes organizations to be able to grow evenly regardless of the economic conditions or even regardless of the bad situation they may be going through. Jim Collins lists a number of organizations which can be seen to be able to achieve this kind of growth and those which have failed to achieve this kind of growth. One example of an organization that Jim Collins says has been able to achieve this is the Stryker Corporation which is a medium scale firm that manufactures medical equipment. Stryker Corporation was able to achieve continued growth even during the time when many other

Proposed project plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposed project plan - Case Study Example Efforts must be made to increase the enrollment of patients under the existing safety net programs such as the community health centers, local health clinics and public hospitals as well as Medicaid. The Medicaid care should expand its outreach to include people with low incomes and provide 100% insurance coverage, or offer coordinated health care service in association with other managed care organizations. Effective insurance market reforms must be initiated to ensure development of independent / private plans which are independent from the government run health plans in a bid to offer a level playing field to the private insurance companies. The individuals must be empowered and given a say in choosing their health care plans, and voice their opinions on the issue of insurance coverage available to them. They should be enabled to choose their own health plans and health care providers and must be included to share costs to reduce the financing burden on the federal government agen cies. 2. Existing attempts, programs and interventions implemented by the health care organizations: The federal government established laws and introduced policies in order to ensure equitable access to health care

Current World Event's Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current World Event's Report - Essay Example Despite, or perhaps in spite, of these problems, the European Union maintains that it will only provide additional bailout funds to those who can follow its austerity and reporting measures. The people from these troubled economies are unhappy, as unemployment rates soar, and reject the austerity measures that directly negatively impact their lives. Many have taken the streets, while some have committed suicides (Joy, 2012). The economic situations in Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy are affecting the economic condition of the European Union (EU) and the globe, while increasing political tension and social unrest in the region. The economic situation of the European Union’s region and the globe are interconnected, and so the economic problems in Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy are having widespread financial consequences. Dario Perkins of Lombard Street Research stated that the economic output fell by 20% since the crisis began: â€Å"If you look at what Greece is going th rough, it's comparable with the Great Depression† (Stewart, 2012). As the world reels away from the slow recovery of the 2008 global financial crisis, several European countries are in for the worse, as they enter Depression-like conditions. The EU responds with a bailout program, but not without strings attached. The bailout funds include austerity measures that will cut into social welfare: â€Å"Economides explained that the projected cuts could break down into 11.5 billion euros worth of cuts -- from pensions and wages as well as the sale of state property†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Joy, 2012). Reduced social welfare will further make it hard for ordinary citizens to deal with their impoverished conditions. As for the infamous â€Å"Grexit,† if Greece chooses to leave the EU, this may be best for the region’s credit standing, but it will break the euro currency (Shann, 2012). It will prove that the concept of the euro is unsustainable, when countries have not fully inte grated their â€Å"regulation, labor markets, welfare payments and taxes for resources to move quickly to equalize competitiveness† (Shann, 2012). In addition, the widespread bailouts to the banks are not going as faster as it should, according to the news (Shann, 2012). As a result, depositors are transferring their investments and deposit funds in other countries: â€Å"Depositors would transfer funds abroad in case these countries left the euro and devalued† (Shann, 2012). The statistics show the amount of funds outflowing from countries that need the money the most: â€Å"A total of $425 billion was pulled from banks in Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Greece in the 12 months ended July 31, according to data compiled by Bloomberg† (Onaran, 2012). The pullout means business for other countries, but spells further economic problems at the Euroland, as it assists the former nations deal with their banking conditions. The wearing off of deposits is compelling banks in those countries to pay more to keep them â€Å"The average rate for new loans to nonfinancial corporations in July was above 7 percent in Greece, 6.5 percent in Spain and 6.2 percent in Italy, according to ECB data,† when â€Å"It was 4 percent in Germany, France and the Netherlands† (Onaran, 2012). With dwindling funds being sucked in the banking sectors, the funds needed to revitalize the economy and provide employment are not forthcoming. As these countries further experience economic problems, their politics and populace are at a

To what extent is social class relevant in relation to those who make Essay

To what extent is social class relevant in relation to those who make the law and those who break it - Essay Example There are four main a social classes, such as â€Å"upper class, middle class, working class and the lower class† (Murray, 1995). In order to discuss relation of a social class to lawbreakers, it is relevant to consider a a social class of Britain as the biggest class of lawbreakers. Law breakers in Britain are often accused of avoidance of tax payment, are undercharged in shops etc. A dishonest behavior was admitted by more than 50% of Great Britain inhabitants. A paradoxical behavior of British society is defined in the following terms: â€Å"While nine out of 10 people demand action against those committing these offences, the majority actually admit to committing one of them† (Carrabine&South, 2000). In America there is no strict and intense relation between representatives of different classes. Nevertheless, American constitution was developed in the eighteenth century, but in the modern time there is a lack of special social and economic rights (Carrabine&South, 2 000). A social class is more objective entity in relation to the society than race. A social class has been shaped under the influence of economic relations, symbolic systems and other external factors. Therefore, it is relevant to claim that representatives of a social class are shaped under the influence of education, surrounding people, family traditions, income rates and many other factors. As a result, representatives of lower class have fewer possibilities to realize themselves as successful politicians. It can be supposed that they will become criminals or lawbreakers sooner than lawmakers. Lawmakers/breakers and social class Symbolic context of a social class has been influenced by politics freight. The western considerations about the nature and the culture and thus further considerations about what class is, is usually conducted in terms of â€Å"binary oppositions†. In the theory of criminology, social class considerations in terms of â€Å"binary oppositions† have remained relevant to the modern society. On the one hand, in accordance with criminologists, it is impossible to differ between â€Å"criminals† and â€Å"non-criminals†. Nevertheless, starting from the XXI century it has been claimed that nature of criminals is related to gender, race and class. More often criminals are accounted for representatives of an underclass, i.e. the most disadvantageous people who are unemployed or neglected by the society (Andersen and Collins, 1998). It is relevant to trace these interrelations in terms of four main sociological approaches: â€Å"quantitative studies; time and place studies; ethnographic studies, and social construction studies† (Andersen and Collins, 1998). In quantitative studies individuals’ misbehavior leads to a crime. A representation of certain socio-economic groups is usually questioned in this approach, because very often data collection for such kind of researches limits background data of c riminals. Some analysts claim that â€Å"The lack of both significant class effects and any race effects in our general crime scale may suggest a possible interaction effect between a social class and race† (Ibid, p. 607). Therefore, in making their judgments lawmakers often take into account an interrelation between a social class and a crime or between who may be potential lawbreakers or lawmakers. Gender, age and family income are often influential factors of crime’

The poems of Seamus Heaney and D.H.Lawrence Essay Example for Free

The poems of Seamus Heaney and D.H.Lawrence Essay The poets Seamus Heaney and D. H. Lawrence frequently describe their own childhood memories in their poems. Mid-Term Break and The Early Purges by Heaney, both show great examples of the way Heaney felt about many things, like death and relationships, as do the poems Piano and Discord in Childhood by D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence was born in 1885, the fourth child of five. His father was an irresponsible alcoholic, and Lawrence was born hating his father and shivered at his touch. Heaney, however, loved and hugely respected his family and especially his father. Heaney was born in 1939 at the start of WW2. He, unlike Lawrence, was the eldest of nine children, and was brought up and worked on his fathers farm, before being sent to a boarding school when he was twelve. Lawrences parents had a violent relationship one big bloody fight, because of his fathers temper. Lawrence was much closer to his mother because she was highly educated and they understood each other. Heaneys poem Mid-Term Break is all about the death of one of Heaneys younger brother. Heaney conveys many feelings in this poem, like growing up, childhood, memories, and death. He uses many modern techniques in this poem: caesura for emphasis on certain things, enjambment to create a sense of continuity running through the poem, alliteration, imagery and many more. Heaney also portrays a lot of memories in this poem. First the title: Mid, implies an interruption in his life and childhood, and an early introduction to adulthood, but also Break, is a harsh, tough word, that could mean the break in his brothers life and childhood. In the first stanza he mentions sitting all morning in the college sick bay. This was when he was awaiting to be driven home to his brothers funeral from his boarding school, and was feeling isolated and loneliness from the rest of the world. Heaney sees his father crying in the second verse. In the porch I met my father crying, this is also the first implication that the funeral is that of a member of the Heaney family. He also mentioned Big Jim Evans another big, strong role model, affected by the death. The next verse says: The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pram, which is incongruous and doesnt fit in with everything else. Later, Heaneys hand was shaken by old men, and Heaney was embarrassed, because he should have been showing them respect. He was told: they were sorry for my trouble, which is clichi , and he felt a huge amount of responsibility when whispers informed strangers I was the eldest. Heaneys mother coughed out angry tearless sighs because she was either angry with herself for not looking after her son, or angry with the driver of the car that knocked him clear. In the poem, Heaney felt many things: embarrassment, sadness, and awkwardness. The last verse of the poem reveals the age of his dead brother. The alliteration and sharpness of the last line, really makes you realize how young he was, and how hard it must have been for the Heaney family. The last verse is also set apart from the rest of the poem, because it has only one line. This makes it even more important, because the reader will notice it more, and also pay more attention to it, and what it means. Heaneys other poem The Early Purges focuses on Heaney growing up through his childhood, and his journey to becoming an adult, and obtaining a different perspective on certain things. The Early Purges, is very significant. Early implies something that happened to Heaney when he was young early on in his life, and Purge means to rid yourself of impurities and sin. It also makes the poem sound as if it wont be endurable. This poem is about bad things that have happened to Heaney. It is all about death. As a young boy, Seamus Heaney helped to work on his fathers farm, and during that time he saw farm workers killing lots of defenceless, innocent animals. This is also bluntly written. Heaney was only six when he first saw kittens drown. He makes this very bold at the beginning of the poem. It is hard-hitting and appeals to the hearts of the readers, because kittens are, young, cute and vulnerable animals. Dan Taggart pitched them, the scraggy wee shits. The worker, Dan Taggart is the one doing the killing. He calls the kittens scraggy wee shits, which shows how little he cares about them. The kittens are described as making a frail metal sound, which again shows how young and weak these animals are. The sound also appeals to the aural senses, because the reader can easily imagine the sound and how horrible it must have been.

Historical Context of the Remakes of The Phantom of the Opera Essay Example for Free

Historical Context of the Remakes of The Phantom of the Opera Essay The Phantom of the Opera has undergone subsequent remakes. This Hollywood film has undergone numerous remakes at different historical moments throughout the world. In Hollywood and the United Kingdom, it has spawned more than ten film and TV versions that differ significantly in selecting the settings for the horror-romance [Paris, New York and London] in accounting for the phantom’s disfiguration, in portraying the opera understudy, as well as Christine’s attitude toward the phantom. However, they all follow the male phantom-teacher and female opera-student structure so that heterosexual desire [manifested in two men’s competition for a woman] remains the prime move of the plot. My focus in this essay is Andrew Lloyd Webber’s version of the aforementioned text. My emphasis in this text will be how the phantom [including his image and voice] is represented within the film technology available at that time [in contradistinction to the manner in which the phantom’s image and voice is represented in different versions of the aforementioned text]. My working hypothesis is that since the phantom, by definition, exceeds visual representation in the silent and the sound versions, his voice, as a singer and a music teacher, emerges a primary site for representation and signification. To explore the representation and the significance of the phantom’s voice, I will focus on (1) how the phantom-teacher relates to his student through voice as well as visage, (2) how the teacher-student relationship differ from film to film [from Schumacher’s film in contradistinction to the other version of the film], (3) and how to read these relationships in allegorical terms, or in relation to their respective material-historical conditions. The last question leads me to map the teacher-student relationship onto the tension between an â€Å"original† film and its remake(s). In the end this paper will demonstrates the manner in which each remake strategizes its position vis-a-vis a historical moment and a prior film text hence it follows from this that each remake [specifically Schumacher’s remake] should not be subsumed into an echoing tradition in the corridor of the history. I start with the representation of phantom’s voice and its interplay with the shadow. The aural-visual dimension is crucial for our understanding of the issue of subaltern film remaking, which is ultimately an issue of power circulation and distribution. In the film diegeses, the phantom holds power over the student and other people for two reasons: (1) he eludes audio-visual representation and (2) he assumes the empowered teacher position. The 1925 version of The Phantom of the Opera centered upon the triangular tension between Erik, The Phantom (Lon Chaney); Christine (Mary Philbin), an understudy in the Paris Opera House whom the phantom has trained and elevated to the diva position; and Raoul (Norman Kerry), Christine’s fiance. As indicated above, the phantom, by definition, exceeds direct visual coding. The problematic of representation is further compounded by the fact that the film, being silent [that being the 1925 version], cannot represent the phantom’s voice except through the theatre orchestra’s performance. This means that the voice and other diegetic sounds the audience hear do not [seem to] emit from the screen. This representational dilemma is alleviated through the use of shadow [an image that signifies the fusion of absence and presence, thus most appropriate for the phantom figure]. More specifically, this silent film mobilizes venues of representation before Christine sees the phantom. The first is the shadow, proffered exclusively to the audience who, according to Michel Chion, is â€Å"deaf† and cannot hear the phantom’s voice (Chion 7). The other, the phantom’s â€Å"angelic voice,† is heard only by Christine and other characters. The differentiated knowledge distribution leads to two modes of spectatorship, one being exclusively visual, and the other exclusively aural. In both cases, the phantom is omnipotent when remaining a mere shadow or a disembodied voice (Chion 19). When lodged in a physical body, a process the power is lost. This takes place in The Phantom of the Opera when Christine’s fascination with the acousmatic phantom turns into dread and disgust once the voice is embodied in a visual image [i. e. , the skull head that she has unmasked]. Thus, the phantom’s deacousmatization depletes his magic power over Christine. Not only does his horrendous visage drive Christine to cover her face [which may implicitly mirror a female viewer’s typical response to a horror film]. It also forces the phantom himself to cover his face. The implication is that to maintain his power, he has to remain invisible. In the same manner, for a horror film to remain horrific, it must not be seen in unobstructed view. As Dennis Giles observes, the more [the viewer] stares, the more the terror will dissipate to the extent that the image of full horror will be revealed (unveiled) as more constructed, more artificial, more a fantasy, more a fiction than the fiction which prepares and exhibits it. To look the horror in the face for very long robs it of its power. (48) By covering his face, the phantom symbolizes the horror film’s attempt to block the viewer’s vision. In other words, the power of the phantom, and by extension, of the horror film, consists in deprivation of visual representation. The problematic of representing a phantom in a silent film thus finds resolution in a paradox, namely, the possibility and effectiveness of representation consists precisely in a lack of direct visual representation. Acousmetre is also crucial for maintaining the teacher student relationship. Once deacousmatized, this relationship comes to an end, which in turn de-legitimizes the phantom’s proposal to Christine. After a long sequence of suspense, sound and fury, during which Christine is salvaged from the Opera House’s underground catacomb, while the phantom chased to a dead end, the film [initial version of the film] closes with a double shot of Christine happily married with her aristocratic fiance. Instead of a beauty and the beast story, in which the beast is transformed into a handsome nobleman by the beauty’s kiss, the monster in this film remains a monster and the opera actress gets punished for her scopic and epistemological drive [a â€Å"monstrous† transgression she must redeem by betraying the monster] returning to humanity [defined as white heterosexual normality] and succumbing to a domesticating marriage. The containment of the female deviancy is built into the film producer’s plan to reinforce what they perceive as the audience’s wish: â€Å"a movie about the love life of Christine Daae† (MacQueen 40). The film thus ends with a triumph of a bourgeois fantasy premised on the domestication of women, and the destruction of the monster. Joel Schumacher’s remake of the original Phantom of the Opera, did not come as a surprise, given the frequent practice of borrowing and adapting at the time. Schumacher’s version retains the powerful phantom figure whose self-de-acousmatization again successfully captivates the student, Christine. Nevertheless, it also displays far more intense interactions between the phantom-teacher and the singer-student. Briefly speaking, their relationship goes through four successive steps: ventriloquism, reverse ventriloquism or excessive mimesis, performative reiteration, and finally, the Benjaminian â€Å"afterlife† [which delineate Christine’s gradual usurpation of the phantom’s power while also contributing to the dialectical image provided by the phantom-teacher and singer-student relationship]. The phantom begins with ventriloquizing Christine’s in the latter’s reenactment of the former’s masterpiece, now titled â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† replacing â€Å"Hot Blood† in Song at Midnight. During the performance, Christine falters at a tenor note, but is undetected by the theatre audience, thanks to the phantom’s backstage â€Å"dubbing,† visually represented through cutaways. The camera first holds on Christine’s bending over the dead â€Å"Juliet† then closes up on his slightly opened mouth and bewilderment, and subsequently following Christine’s puzzled look, cuts to the cloaked phantom in profile, hidden behind a window curtain in the backstage, emotionally singing out the tenor notes. Cutting from the front stage to the back stage area also echoes. In the aforementioned scene, it is important to note that the moment of ventriloquism gradually gives way to Christine’s agency. Indeed, Christine’s centrality in the film is evidenced in the predominance of the perspective shots that mediate the off-screen audience’s knowledge and sensorial experiences. This viewing structure contrasts sharply with The Phantom of the Opera’s 1925 version. Whereas Christine deacousmatizes the phantom, the audience actually sees the disfigured face before she does. Similarly, Christine’s knowledge [regarding the phantom] is one step behind that of the audience who hear the phantom’s midnight singing and see an enlarged shadow cast on the wall at the opening of the film after the initial portrayal of the opera house’s condition after the fire. The contrast between the two aforementioned versions of The Phantom of the Opera suggests two different ways of constructing history. One is to hide away the past [embodied by the phantom] that has transformed beyond recognition so as to reproduce its old, familiar image in a present medium, or the student. The other is to acknowledge what the past has become, in order to re-suture it into the present without reducing the present into a mere mirror image of the past. Thus, Christine’s agency and the Phantom’s revival become interdependent. The teacher-student hierarchy, as argued previously, is analogous with the hierarchy between the master and the slave. Furthermore, it can also be mapped onto the tension-ridden relationship between a film and its remake(s). These interconnected, parallel relationships allow us to situate the cultural production of a film in a dynamic socio-political field (Gilloch 17). Following Gerard Genette’s definition of â€Å"hypertextuality,† which designates that a hypertext both overlays and evokes an anterior text, or hypotext (Genette 5), I argue that a remake occupies the student position, and that its very existence testifies to and evokes its â€Å"teacher† or â€Å"predecessor. As a form of cinematic doubling, how the â€Å"student† film situates itself vis-a-vis the â€Å"teacher† and its own historical moment determines possibilities of remaking (Smith 56). The major divergences between the two versions of The Phantom of the Opera mentioned above suggest two diametrically opposite agendas. Whereas the former prioritizes domesticating and suturing women into white-oriented heterosexuality, the latter historicizes and politicizes the hetero-erotic relationship between the teacher and student. There are several ways in which one may understand the aforementioned divergence. It is important to note that the text adapted by Schumacher for the construction of his version of the aforementioned film is in itself a divergence from the original. In comparison to Lon Channey’s version of the aforementioned film [which is an adaptation itself], Schumacher’s version discarded most of the horror version aspects which have been associated with the film [as well as the original text by Leroux]. Examples of these are evident if one considers Schumacher’s choice for the depiction of the phantom himself [as a disfigured individual as opposed to a skull hiding behind a mask]. In a way there are several ways in which such a depiction [the change of depiction] may be understood. Initially, one may state that such a shift stems as a result of the shift from the operatic version of the film as opposed to the â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† theme associated with the film. Second, in line with the initial claim of this paper, one may understand the shift [in terms of the phantom’s depiction] as a means of mirroring the historical conditions of the film’s production. The process of mirroring the initial work as a means of showing the teacher-student relationship [in relation to the silent film version and Schumacher’s version] may be understood as a means of employing the manner in which the student has transcended the master to the extent that such a transcendence enabled the initial freedom from the heterosexual archetypal relationships which enables the submission of the female to the norm [that being the norm of female submission towards the male]. It may indeed be argued that Schumacher’s version also enabled such a submission since Christine chose Raoul over the phantom. It is important to note, however, that such a choice may be understood differently in relation to the original silent film adaptation of the aforementioned text. Note for example the depiction [as well as the characterization] of the phantom in the initial version of the film. As was noted at the onset of the paper, the depiction of the phantom in the initial version [silent film version] presented a horrible figure [i. e. a skull for a face]. Such a presentation may be understood, in such a way, that the phantom is presented as the depiction of the deviance resulting from the inability to adhere to the norm. Deviance from the norm, in this sense, may be seen [and in fact understood] as a horrible act itself. Schumacher’s version [with its depiction of the phantom as figure with a face [a handsome one in fact despite its minor deformities] may be seen as mirroring the manner in which deviance from the norm [that of the adherence to the heterosexual and in a sense highly patriarchal relationship] is more acceptable within the current context of the film’s production (McQueen . Schumacher’s version begins with a reel from the 1919 occurrence at the Opera Populaire wherein the old Raoul is depicted as buying knickknacks that serve as the reminder of the occurrences that led to the aforementioned opera’s demise. What follow this scene is a reconstruction of the Opera Populaire resulting from the flashback of memories to those who where in it during 1819 thereby providing the spectator with the truth behind the masked lives of those who lived within the opera at that time. What is interesting to note in Schumacher’s version [in relation to the reconfiguration or rather redepiction of the phantom] is the manner in which one is now given a new manner of understanding the means in which Christine gains her agency. In fact, agency in Schumacher’s version of the film is depicted as a manner of choice and not as mere adherence to a prescribed norm [in comparison to the original adaption of Webber’s text]. Dramatically, the story hinges on a series of conflicts which continually redefine Christine’s position in relation to her surroundings [as well as to the individuals around her]. Webber’s version [as adapted by Schumacher] depicted this process through a series of musical themes, motifs, and textures which portray the development of characters, attitudes, and emotions. Note that the materials in each of the musical themes and motifs are rarely modified except through instances of fragmentation. Although fragmentation occurs, it is interesting to note that when considered together, these musical themes literally play out the drama involved within the play (Snelson 110). In summary, in this paper I argued that the â€Å"teacher† text does not simply crumble when the â€Å"student† text arises in resistance, but rather experiences a revival. This is because the remake cannot fulfil itself without simultaneously evoking [not â€Å"imitating†] the â€Å"afterlife† crystallized in its textual â€Å"predecessor† (Mignolo 112). A film remake re-presents its â€Å"hypotext† not by turning itself into a submissive double, which simply reifies the â€Å"hypotext,† but rather by revalorizing the unique historical position of the â€Å"hypotext,† paradoxically achieved by the remake’s stress on its own distinction. In this sense, the various adaptations of Webber’s The Phantom of the Opera may be understood in such a way that both versions [that stand in a teacher-student relationship] present a challenge of the archetypal heterosexual relationships which stand as the pervading theme of the various versions of Webber’s The Phantom of the Opera.

Treating Depression With Online Optimism Intervention

Treating Depression With Online Optimism Intervention Does proneness to flow states affect effectiveness? Researchers of depression have often focused on the role of negative future-oriented cognitions in the development and maintenance of the disorder (e.g., Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979; Abramson, Alloy, Metalsky, 1989). Beck (1967, 1976) asserted that depressed people possess a negative cognitive triad consisting of negative views of the self, world, and the future. Extensive research on depressed people revealed that they have more dysfunctional attitudes, report more negative automatic thoughts and hopelessness and adopt a more pessimistic explanatory style than people who are not depressed (Beck, Riskind, Brown, Steer, 1988; Hollon, Kendall, Lumry, 1986; Peterson Seligman, 1984). In addition, Gotlib, Krasnoperova, Yue, and Joormann (2004) found that depressed people process negative information more completely and efficiently than non-depressed controls. Over the last decade, proponents of positive psychology have highlighted that rather than focusing solely on negative painful experiences, we should also empirically study positive emotional well-being and human strengths (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Seligman, Steen, Park, Peterson, 2005). This gave rise to many positive psychology interventions (PPIs) which sought to promote positive cognitions, behaviours, or emotions to help depressed individuals. A recent meta-analysis of 49 studies of PPIs by Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) revealed that these interventions are effective in reducing depressive symptoms and increasing well-being. One positive trait which PPIs have targeted is optimism. Current research demonstrate that some PPIs seeking to cultivate optimism in both depressed and non-depressed populations have reported some success at improving psychological well-being (Peters, Flink, Boersma, Linton, 2010; Layous et al., 2013; Sergeant Mongrain, 2014). Carver, Scheier, and Segerstrom (2010) define optimism as a positive outlook on life (both during times of success and adversity) and having positive expectations about the future. It has been widely shown that optimism is positively correlated with engaging coping strategies (Carver et al., 2010), mental health outcomes (Kawachi Berkman, 2001; Lench, 2011), better social relationships (Carver, Kus, Scheier, 1994), and a range of positive physical health outcomes (Rasmussen, Scheier, Greenhouse, 2009). Sharot (2011) pointed out that optimists possess the optimism bias- the phenomenon where individuals believe that they are less likely to experience a negative event compared to others even when their optimistic beliefs are challenged. On the other hand, other studies have shown that the optimism bias is absent in depressed people (Strunk, Lopez, DeRubeis, 2006). In addition, individuals with severe depression not only lack this bias but also have a tendency to view future outcomes more negatively than what they really are (Strunk et al., 2006). Achat, Kawachi, Spiro, DeMolles and Sparrow (2000) argue that if we uncover the mechanisms of this optimism bias, it can provide us with powerful insight into the development of depression. One of the most up to date studies by Sergeant and Mongrain (2014) tried to shed more light on the mechanisms of the optimism bias. They designed an online PPI to cultivate optimism and included pessimism as a trait moderator. The results supported their hypothesis that pessimistic individuals would gain more out of the intervention and report fewer depressive symptoms. Sergeant and Mongrain’s (2014) findings draw attention to the impact of individual differences (pessimism) on the success of the online PPI. In addition, other findings suggest that PPIs are most effective when there is a good fit between the activity and the individual characteristics of the user (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schkade, 2005; Dickerhoof, 2007; Mongrain, 2009). For example, Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) pointed out PPIs that emphasize social interaction may benefit people with high social needs to a greater extent. Therefore, it would be informative to look at how other individual differences traits play a part in the success of the PPI. This could possibly help us match PPIs to individuals according to their individual characteristics to gain the most out of the intervention. One other area which positive psychology focused on is the concept of flow. Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi (1988) described psychological flow as an experience of low self-awareness, full concentration and enjoyment of the task at hand. In addition, there is a positive channelling of emotions associated with learning and performing into the task one is doing (Csikszentmihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, 1988). Asakawa (2010) found positive associations between flow proneness and active coping strategies as well as better mental health. As such, Csikszentmihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (1988) called for a better understanding of flow states to assist development of PPIs. De Manzano, Cervenka, Jucaite, Hellenas, Farde, and Ullen (2013) looked at neuropsychological evidence underlying individual differences in flow proneness and found a positive correlation between dorsal striatum dopamine availability and flow propensity. Similarly, it was found that dopamine plays a role in the optimism bias, affecting belief formation by reducing negative beliefs about the future (Sharot, Guitart-Masip, Korn, Chowdhury, Dolan, 2012). As such, it seems that optimism and flow proneness could possibly be related quite closely. However, no research so far has looked at proneness to flow states being a mediating mechanism for the outcomes of an online optimism PPI. As such, this study would like to investigate that by following up on Sergeant and Mongrain’s (2014) experiment. The findings would have important implications in two key areas which were discussed earlier: 1) helping us better understand the mechanisms of the optimism bias and 2) helping us better match PPIs according to client characteristics so as to treat depression more effectively. The present study has two hypotheses: (1) Following the completion of the exercise period, participants in the optimism condition were expected to report significantly greater and longer lasting improvements in psychological well-being than the control condition. Psychological well-being was dependent on a few measures- the endorsement of having an enjoyable, purposeful, and engaging life and low levels of dysfunctional beliefs and depressive symptoms. (2) Dispositional proneness to flow states was expected to be a significant moderator of the relationship between exercise condition and psychological well-being over time. Individuals who were most prone to flow states were expected to gain the most benefit from the optimism intervention. This is because if the individual is more prone to experience flow, he is therefore more likely to get absorbed in the intervention and gain more out of it. 2 A possible Method Include: research question, IV, DV, overview of stimuli, design procedure Exclude: method-style description for replication, specific hypotheses Overview of procedure Psychology undergraduate students will participate in the study for course credit. The whole study will be conducted online. Participants will receive a specific link through their email to sign up for the study. After obtaining their consent, they were then asked to provide demographic information such as age, gender, ethnicity, history of psychopathology and treatment with psychotherapy. After that, participants completed the Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire and a series of baseline psychological well-being measures (OTH, CES-D and DAS-14- see below for more details). They then undergo a 3-week intervention period (optimism PPI or control intervention) before completing another set of psychological well-being measures. Participants were followed-up 1 and 2 months later to assess their psychological well-being using the same measures to check for any enduring effects of the intervention. Nature of study This leads to a 2 (exercise condition: optimism, control) x 2 (flow proneness: low, high) mixed within and between participants experimental design. Independent Variable Participants were randomly assigned to either the optimism PPI condition or a control condition. The optimism PPI condition used two alternating exercises to train participants in two key components of optimism. One exercise sought to train participants to view one’s goals as feasible and meaningful while the other exercise sought to train participants to focus on and recollect positive experiences in one’s life (Segerstrom, 2006). On the other hand, the control condition consisted of two alternating neutral diary-writing activities. The first exercise asked participants to describe their experience of the last day. The second exercise asked participants to describe what they thought the next day would be like. Participants engaged in the exercises for a 3 week period. Owing to the length constraint, please refer to Sergeant and Mongrain’s (2014) study for full details of the activities. Dependent Variables Swedish Flow Proneness Questionnaire, SFPQ, (Ullen et al., 2012). The SFPQ is a 21-item self-report measure of proneness to flow states measuring flow during work, during maintenance and during leisure activities. Subsequently, data will be split for analysis into two groups, high or low flow proneness. Orientations to Happiness, OTH, (Peterson, Park, Seligman, 2005). The OTH is an 18-item self-report measure of endorsement of three ways to be happy: pleasure (minimizing pain and maximizing pleasant feelings), engagement (taking part in engaging activities that produce flow), and meaning (use of valued skills and talents to achieve success). Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D, (Radloff, 1977). The CES-D is a 20-item measure developed to identify depressed mood and depressive symptoms in the general population. Dysfunctional Attitude Scale–14, DAS-14, (Mongrain Zuroff, 1989). The DAS-14 is an abbreviated version of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Weissman Beck, 1978). The DAS is a well-validated self-report measure of maladaptive beliefs which are characteristic of depressed individuals. Ethical considerations Informed consent will be obtained from participants. Participants would be fully debriefed after the experiment. At any point of the experiment, participants possess the right to withdraw their participation and/or data without incurring any penalties. All data will be maintained confidential.

Data Encryption Essay -- Data Security

Missing Chart Encryption Encryption is a method of programming data for security so that it appears to be random data. Only the people sending and receiving the information have the key to decrypt the message, which will put it back into its original form making it readable. The only people with the key are the people who are intended to read the message. Not many people know what encryption is. I took a survey of twenty students and asked two questions. The first question I asked was do you know what encryption means and the second question I asked was have you ever heard of anybody using encryption. This is a chart of the information I received: Many people wonder exactly how encryption works. People think that encryption is the same thing as coding when in fact it is very different. Computer code is used to create software while encryption is used to disguise a message from the public. Coding such as ASCII and EBCDIC are used to create data that is publicly shared. With encryption, when you first put in a message, its goes in as plaintext. Plaintext is the text in its original form when it has not been encrypted. A message that has been encrypted is known as ciphertext. The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext is known as encryption. The process of changing ciphertext into plaintext is known as decryption (Parsons 328). In order to encrypt a message you need to use a cryptographic algorithm key. A cryptographic key can be a word, phrase or number that has to be known in order to encrypt or decrypt a message. Caesar created his own encryption method known as simple substitution. His encryption was to change the alphabet to start with D and continue with the alphabet from there. When he reached... ...n use your private key to encrypt them. It is basically the safest way to send e-mail. As I mentioned before, most people believe that encryption is a very complex process when in often it is very simple. Weak encryptions such as Caesars simple substation method prove how simple encryption can really be. Strong encryption can be nearly impossible to crack. You need a special computer and it can take a long time to figure out the message. Encryption such as the PGP method, are used to keep privacy through e-mails. Overall, encryption is mainly used for privacy and protection in all types of situations. Works cited Parsons, June Jamrich, Dan Oja. New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Course Technology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption http://www.cesa8.k12.wi.us/media/digital_dictionary.htm

Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Essay

Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure. The development of a child begins in utero and continues following birth; thus both of these time frames must be examined as possible periods of lead intoxication. During development, the fetus is at the mercy of its mother. If the mother has high blood lead levels during pregnancy, the developing fetus will have the same. This is due to the lack of a transplacental barrier to lead. Thus, the maternal levels are consistently equal to fetal levels throughout pregnancy. The mode of transport is not clearly understood. However, it has been suggested that it is a matter of simple diffusion for several reasons (1). First, is the close quantitative relationship between maternal and fetal blood lead levels. Second, is the experimentally modeled linear relationship between the transfer of lead from the mother to the fetus and the umbilical blood flow rate. An increase in blood flow rate coupled with the increased surface area of the placental barrier, 2 m2 to 11 m2, over the gestational peri od increases the transplacental diffusion (1). With this direct correlation in mind, it then becomes important to discuss possible sources of increased mater... ...991; 13: 203-211. 4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84. 5. Dietrich, K. N. "Human Fetal Lead Exposure: Intrauterine Growth, Maturation, and Postnatal Neurobehavioral Development." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991; 16: 17-19. 6. Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Sloman, J. "Antecedents and Correlates of Improved Cognitive Performance in Children Exposed in Utero to Low Levels of Lead." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 5-11. 7. Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., et.al. "Lead Effects on Postural Balance of Children." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 35-42. 8. Ernhart, C. B. and Greene, T. "Low-Level Lead Exposure in the Prenatal and Early Preschool Periods: Language Development." Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 342-354. Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Essay Lead Toxicity: Its Effects on Fetal and Infant Development Lead toxicity has been an area of unending research in recent years. There have been positive and negative correlation’s relating its toxic effects to both child developmental deficiencies and adult regression problems. This review will focus on the problems associated with the children. It will discuss various routes of entry of lead into the child’s system, both prenatally and postnatally, the mechanisms employed by lead to cause the dysfunction’s, and some of the neurological deficits believed to be caused by the lead exposure. The development of a child begins in utero and continues following birth; thus both of these time frames must be examined as possible periods of lead intoxication. During development, the fetus is at the mercy of its mother. If the mother has high blood lead levels during pregnancy, the developing fetus will have the same. This is due to the lack of a transplacental barrier to lead. Thus, the maternal levels are consistently equal to fetal levels throughout pregnancy. The mode of transport is not clearly understood. However, it has been suggested that it is a matter of simple diffusion for several reasons (1). First, is the close quantitative relationship between maternal and fetal blood lead levels. Second, is the experimentally modeled linear relationship between the transfer of lead from the mother to the fetus and the umbilical blood flow rate. An increase in blood flow rate coupled with the increased surface area of the placental barrier, 2 m2 to 11 m2, over the gestational peri od increases the transplacental diffusion (1). With this direct correlation in mind, it then becomes important to discuss possible sources of increased mater... ...991; 13: 203-211. 4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84. 5. Dietrich, K. N. "Human Fetal Lead Exposure: Intrauterine Growth, Maturation, and Postnatal Neurobehavioral Development." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991; 16: 17-19. 6. Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Sloman, J. "Antecedents and Correlates of Improved Cognitive Performance in Children Exposed in Utero to Low Levels of Lead." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 5-11. 7. Bhattacharya, A., Shukla, R., Bornschein, R. L., et.al. "Lead Effects on Postural Balance of Children." Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990; 89: 35-42. 8. Ernhart, C. B. and Greene, T. "Low-Level Lead Exposure in the Prenatal and Early Preschool Periods: Language Development." Archives of Environmental Health. 1990; 45: 342-354.

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Distinguished guests, those of dubious distinction and those of no distinction, family, relatives, in-laws and outlaws, young and old, friends, friends of friends, freeloaders and hangers-on – let me extend a warm welcome to Meradith and Naren’s wedding reception celebration. Winston Churchill was apparently asked to address a prep school and he got up and said, â€Å"Never, Never, Never give up!† then he sat down. Well you are not going to get away quite as easily as that, but I will try to be brief. There aren’t many people who find themselves in the position I find myself in today. I’m married, 35 and I have two sons, yet I find myself in the role of â€Å"Father of the Bride†, but as I am Meradith’s brother I consider it a great honour and would like to say how proud I am to be giving away my beautiful baby sister today. I know I speak on behalf of my mother and the rest of Meradith’s family when I say how proud we are today to see Meradith looking so beautiful, finally married to Naren. During the time we have known him we have come to realise how special he is to Meradith, and everyone can see how they are made for each other. He is really likable and easy going, and we are happy to welcome him formally into our family. At this point in the proceedings, it is traditional to bring up an embarrassing moment from Meradith’s past or to highlight ... ...uite hard to carry out. You must both realise that marriage isn’t easy, but it’s not impossible. Many of us know that everyone faces ups and downs in a life commitment. There is no secret to a happy marriage. You’ll both have to work at it, like many of us. There is no challenge in a marriage that cannot be overcome by the following three, three-word sentences. These are: I was wrong! You were right! I love you! Meradith and Naren, Here’s to the past for all that you’ve learned Here’s to the present for all that you share And here’s to the future for all that you can look forward to together. Ladies and Gentlemen, please be upstanding, and raise your glasses to Meradith and Naren

A Checklist on Effective Team Working

Abstract This paper presents a checklist of the qualities that make individuals effective team members. The checklist comprises of seven qualities which are communication skills, commitment towards attaining the team objective, competence members’ respective fields of specialty, creativity, support and respect for other members, effective organization and management skills, and responsibility and accountability. A further explanation of the relevance of these qualities is also presented. Introduction Teamwork is defined as the collaboration of several associates, each playing a role that will contribute to the attainment of the whole group’s objective (Hill & Parsons, 2014). Effective teamwork requires team members to possess certain qualities in order to facilitate a constructive relationship amongst them (Galbraith & Webb, 2013). This paper presents a checklist and rationale of teamwork qualities. The checklist is developed from my personal career experiences. Checklist of Qualities of a Team Player Effective communication skills Commitment towards attaining the team objective Competence in one’s field of specialty Creativity Respect and support for other team members Effective management and organization skills Accountability and responsibility Rationale This section presents an explanation of the relevance of the above qualities to team work. Reference is also made to academic sources to provide a more detailed explanation of these qualities.Communication SkillsIn order to function successfully in a team, members ought to be able to effectively communicate on both emotional and intellectual levels (Lencioni, 2012). Possession of this skill enables one to effectively present their ideas to other group members or express their displeasure in certain ideas without being threatening. Communication also involves listening, which is vital for internalizing the ideas presented by other team members. The present–day technological advancements like the internet and mobile phones have further eased the communication process, which is also advantageous for team work and has led to the ‘virtual team’ phenomenon (Duarte & Snyder, 2011). Lack of communication skills often lead to conflicts within the team or groupthink, where some team members agree with ideas without any constructive debate.Commitment to Attainment of the Team ObjectiveThe level of team members’ commitment to collaborate and accomplish the team’s goals is a critical contributing factor towards the success of the team (Dunin-Keplicz & Verbrugge, 2011). All teamwork projects involve the contribution of individual members towards the attainment of an overall objective. Therefore, commitment starts by their acknowledgement of the fact that what they are working to achieve cannot be solely done by one individual (Mohammed & Harrison, 2013). Committed team members have a high regard for the roles that they have been allocated and work as hard as possible to ensure that they are well accomplished within the allocated time. Commitment however depends on how organizations motivate the team members (Sheng et al., 2010).CompetenceAllocation of roles and responsibilities in team work is done according to the specialty of each team mem ber (Lencioni, 2012). For instance, it is expected that a marketing role will be delegated to an individual who has a rich background in marketing and not engineering. By exercising competence in the roles they are allocated, team members create a sense of confidence in team leaders and other members that they will deliver the required level of quality (Galbraith & Webb, 2013). It is also necessary for team members to only accept roles in which they are sure of delivering paramount quality (Dunin-Keplicz & Verbrugge, 2011). The lack of the required levels of competence results in poor delivery of individual roles, which adversely affects the overall results of the team.CreativityCreativity is defined as the ability to come up with ingenious solution for certain issues or problems (Mumford, 2012). In teamwork, it is a very important tool, especially when the problem at hand has no pre-defined approach of addressing it. When a team has creative members, one of the main advantages is t hat the project at hand will not be hindered by common challenges that may arise in the course of its progress. Whereas creativity can be considered as an individual quality, Foss et al. (2013) also argued that creativity can be nurtured within the team because team members provide different suggestions of approaches that can be used in solving problems.Effective Management and OrganizationIn the course of a team project, there are short-term objectives to be met that contribute to the attainment of the larger goal (Mohammed & Harrison, 2013). It is therefore vital for team members to effectively manage and organize time and resources that they have been allocated to accomplish their roles. The lack of management and organization skills is likely to result in delays or failure of some team members in accomplishing their roles within the allocated time schedule and resources (Galbraith & Webb, 2013). Management and organization also determines the punctuality of team members in atten ding meetings or reporting the progress of their allocated duties.Respect and Support for other Team MembersOne of the pillars of teamwork is the acknowledgement of the roles played by each member of the group (Duarte & Snyder, 2011). This eliminates the subscription to the ideology by other team members that their roles are more important than others. According to Sheng et al. (2010), support of other team members who may be experiencing difficulties exemplifies a sense of loyalty towards one another. Expressing respect and support rather than playing the blame game builds confidence in team members and contributes towards a constructive working relationship (Galbraith & Webb, 2013). It also increases the possibility of successful collaboration in future projects.Accountability and ResponsibilityAccountability and responsibility play a major role in instilling self discipline among members when handling projects they have been assigned to (Graham & Englund, 2013). Whilst not all te am members can be allocated a leadership position in the team, they have to be responsible for the small roles they have been assigned and ensure that they deliver them on time (Sheng et al., 2010). Accountability in team work ensures that every action taken in contribution to the team project is justifiable. It is however argued that accountability limits creativity because of the fear of mistakes that can arise when trying out creative problem solving procedures (Mumford, 2012). Conclusion Teamwork is an inevitable phenomenon in any organization. It is therefore necessary for individuals to hone skills that enable them to be better team players. This paper has outlined some f the qualities that are considered as being vital for anyone who wants to be successful team player. Whereas I possess all of the discussed skills, I also intend to improve my level of perfection in them in order to be a better team player in future. References Duarte, D.L. & Snyder, N.T., 2011. Mastering Virtual Teams: Strategies, Tools, and Techniques That Succeed. San Fransisco: Josey-Bass. Dunin-Keplicz, B. & Verbrugge, ?J., 2011. Teamwork in Multi-Agent Systems: A Formal Approach. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Foss, L., Woll, K. & Moilanen, M., 2013. Creativity and implementations of new ideas: Do organisational structure, work environment and gender matterInternational Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(3), pp.298-322. Galbraith, D.D. & Webb, F.L., 2013. Teams That Work: Preparing Student. American Journal Of Business Education Teams For The Workplace, 6(2), pp.223-33. Graham, R.J. & Englund, R.L., 2013. Creating an environment for successful projects. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Hill, F. & Parsons, L?., 2014. Teamwork in the Management of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. New Jersey: Routledge. Lencioni, P., 2012. The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: Intact Teams Participant Workbook. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Mohammed, S. & Harrison, D.A., 2013. The clocks that time us are not the same: A theory of temporal diversity, task characteristics, and performance in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122(2), pp.244-56. Mumford, M.D., 2012. Handbook of Organizational Creativity. London: Elsevier. Sheng, C.W., Tian, Y.F. & Chen, M.C., 2010. Relationships among teamwork behavior, trust, perceived team support, and team commitment. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(10), pp.1297-305.

A Family Supper: A Visit to a Japanese Home

Seeing the mellow frugal growth of japan, and using the rurals high tech products that ar s sexagenarian tout ensemble around the globe, all non- Nipp anese people make an idea almost the gardening of the nation. In the international mind, Japan is highly telephone line mind, believes in economic nationalism, and is mainly Buddhist.All Buddhist nations in the world, turf out for China and Korea, atomic number 18 perfectly dovish in their stemign relations, which is to say that they formula the theory of nonviolence propounded by the wisest of people. In order to practice nonviolence, any benevolent being essential act brieflyer un odouring or un delirious, which is actually sort of beneficial in Nipponese production line too.The phrase cold and calculating is cunning in describing the benefits of being un stirred in line of work. It is this un excited Japanese culture that comes to the fore in Kazuo Ishiguros A Family Supper. The layer is an exposition of the Japanese culture in the contradictory mind. Given that it does non find out the culture of Japan away from the storytellers denture, it is the story of a Japanese home, which happens to be typically Japanese in the perspective of the non-Japanese commentator.The Japanese apparently do non believe in the army of their emotions. If they are extremely worried, upset, or depressed, they select to agitate suicide rather than to fall upon themselves to shame by revealing their emotional problems to others. Ishiguros story fortunes with two suicides, one of the fabricators fix, and the other of his contracts friend, Watanabe.The latter was suffering from worry problems, and therefore committed suicide because of the emotional strain that he could non indicate to others. Business is, of course, all important to the Japanese. In the eccentric of the cashiers mother, we are told that she consumed the dreadful fugu fish, which everybody knew to be poisonous or highly risky to consume.The mother use to avoid consuming the fugu fish, but on this specific occasion, writes Ishiguro, she made an exception, having been invited by an old school friend whom she was anxious non to offend (320). Obviously, the mother wanted to commit suicide. uncomplete she nor Watanabe were said to use the servicing of a psychotherapist when they were suffering from emotional problems. In her case, She had many worries. And some disap usherments (325). In the case of Watanabe, we are informed by the bank clerks father, He didnt cut to live with the disgrace of having lost his business (320). Yet, both the mother and Watanabe feel emotions that are zealous profuse to call for suicide.It appears conflicting that a highly business minded society is not positive sufficient to deal properly with its emotional problems. In other words, the Japanese society that is draw through Ishiguros story does not always wait to struggle for survival, hoping, praying, believing, and expecting bring out days. Instead, everything reckons to be alright for individuals until they cannot seem to deal with their emotional problems and decide to end their lives.What is more, naught seems to miss the people who name died with intense emotions. The narrator of Ishiguros story does not even recognize his mothers face in the picture during the family supper, on which the story is based. All that the Japanese seem to feel for the deceased is rationalized sympathy. Both the narrator and his sister, Kikuko, refer to their deceased mother as Poor Mother (323).They believed that their mother was low-down or unfortunate because she could not deal with her problems in a positive way. Neither did Watanabe assume that he could start anew with a new business. For him, the end of his business marked the end of his life. The stoical genius he must go verbalized in business did not help him out. Rather, Watanabe felt emotions that he found chagrin to express before his dea th, just uniform the mother who also committed suicide.Although the narrator of A Family Supper is visiting Japan two years after his mothers death, there is no family discussion held close to his mother. Only facts are important to know. Anything emotional seems to be avoided at all costs.The narrators mother did not let out in her children during her depressive phase before the suicide. And, if she had mentioned her problems to her husband, he is not willing to share them with the children. By underplaying emotions, the Japanese family is revealing its cultural flavour in rationality that defines its economic success.As a matter of fact, Japan is known to be a very successful nation. If the verdant had been emotional and violent, it would most likely have been beset by problems known to the replete(p) world. But we do not experience about the budget deficit in Japan, neither do news reports remonstrate that Japan has bullied some other nation.All emotions seem to be check ed, and the mind is held supreme. Nevertheless, it is human temperament to snap off as swell up as succeed. whitethornbe the mother of the narrator as well as Watanabe had had their minds failed. Both of them had passed the stage of youth. Still, they did not seem to have revealed their strong emotions unto others. compensate Kikuko, while living with her mother, did not seem to have focused on her mothers problems. Both the suicides seem to have been done based on the instinct alone, even if the intellect had pretty practically failed. In other words, Watanabe and the mother must have lost their minds. Therefore, the reader cannot reprobate lack of emotions, seeing that Japan remains generally successful without them.Kikuko does not feel love toward her boyfriend. She is not even convinced(predicate) whether the boy whom she likes would be good for her to take place a lot of time with. This is another exposition of the unemotional nature of the Japanese, although the rea der may assume that Kikuko may lastly start feeling enough for a man whom she would finally join. And, she will marry that is a certainty.All non-Japanese people probably have an idea about the family values of the Asiatics. Asian societies are mostly patriarchal. Kikuko cannot speak openly before her father She answered him with short, formal replies (321). Moreover, the girlfriend must obey her father without speculative and without inquirys. There is no friendliness surrounded by the father and daughter. What is more, the girl is probably not allowed to smoke before her father.She mentions to her brother that she had been wanting(p) to smoke for quite a while. When he asks her why she did not smoke, she simply arcdegrees at her house, referring to the father inside the house. She must value her father unconditionally, and there is no point in questioning why he would not agree to his daughters desire to smoke as irrelevant to his sons. It is tradition, it is faith.Japa nese girls normally do not smoke before their fathers because smoking is a bad habit that girls in particular should not adopt. Kikuko is expected to cook in the home, and serve tea. Besides, she must marry soon after her education is complete. This is, indeed, a typically Asian perception of gender roles. And, foreign readers of Ishiguros story must be aware of it to begin with, for this kind of cognition exists in our collective consciousness if cipher else.Ishiguro takes the foreign reader into the Japanese home to remind him or her about the culture of Japan that the reader may already have knowledge about. In point of fact, Ishiguros story con degenerates our beliefs about the unemotional and patriarchal Japanese culture. The unemotional nature of Japan has done it good, although when a Japanese person loses his or her rationality, there may be no turning back. afterwards reading the story, there is no doubt left in the readers mind as to whether Japan would describe great e motions in the near future, or if the country has become modernized enough to leave the patriarchal culture behind. In truth, Japan is still holding firm its cultural values.Works CitedIshiguro, Kazuo. A Family Supper.

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Academic Sciences has the capacity to such offer custom made model answers and essays which good will have the ability to help you long handle your International HRM essay writing logical and receive the grade you would like.Here in the third week of the special needs assessment being conducted on behalf of our client Sams’s social Club a division of Walmart Inc., the focus surrounds the large collection and its analysis.Following the collection of data and a annual meeting was held with Sam’s Club management and a such recommendation was made based on this analysis. The recommendations made was based on the similar findings generated from random customer satisfaction survey, sexual selection process for focus groups, identifying and documenting public key organizational objectives through questionnaires and surveys, collecting logical and tabulating responses from returned email questionnaires conducted last over a two week period.Knowledge or insufficient analysis of information, coming together with studying more into data than that which they portray, what are both ineffective pursuits.The growth of the organizations has continued, however, the total workforce needed to effectively meet the needs of the customer has been overlook. Based on the employee surveys, workers feel overworked, undervalued, underpaid, unclear promotional pathway, especially females. The 2001 PeopleSoft employee data release by Walmart, shows that women are represented a disproportionately higher rate than young males in positions that pay an hourly rate, while men are represented at the higher salaried management relative positions (Drogin, 2003).ReferencesBerr, J.

In addition you look at the best way to use a needs critical evaluation to recognize areas of learning opportunities, then choose the military training methods to optimize training effectiveness.aspx?post=32a76b45-56ae-48d4-999e-05d807af1ca8 Lifestyle Statistics > Walmart Stores > Number of SAM’S CLUBS (most recent) by state . (2013). Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://www.statemaster.Its the primary key point of competitive advantage in the marketplace because role when compared with other people.Ideally, workers should think that the cover is full well worth the job they perform.

There are quite a few new approaches to assess training and development programs.As a consequence, senior management has.The next could be included by the strategy.Youll want to learn a lot about it.

Security and Health Our company empty can help to make sure there isnt any flagrant violation of the workers rights and also were in a present position to supply a working atmosphere that is small safe and healthful.Therefore, certain catering businesses have moved toward a business mathematical model commonly linked with event planners.He will find a term unpublished paper .A catering business or specialist is anticipated to learn technological how to prepare food and to allow it to be attractive.

New Product Technology

seize A 1. 0 al to bumpher(prenominal)iance run into bluelan is a merchandise to a gl be deposit Colgate-Palmolive beau monde. The olive-sized flog and certificate of deposit exculpate water that William Colgate began in impudent York metropolis too soon in the nineteenth speed of light is now, to a greater ex xt(prenominal) than than two hundred doddery ripen later. It is a rightfully spherical lodge do hundreds of millions of consumers human beingswide. Colgate is a b al bingle(a)-shaped trademarks interc be dismount downe in e realplace cc countries Colgate, Mennen, Palmolive, Ajax, slowsoap, and hills ducky livelihood ar among the worlds intimately recogniz up to(p) sept sympathizes, give and relied upon by consumers e actu solelyywhere (Colgate vocalize of C ar, 2008). ground on the search, the beau mondes pipe creese dodge foc substance ab characters on volt m separately(prenominal) business linees ad-lib c ar, soulal cargon, abode summon c ar, material c be, and court nutrition. In the firm and model c atomic chip 18, Colgate-Palmolive has purported the inherent plate cleansing developnt harvest-home a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Tooth prehistorice, Softlan, and bole shampoo and so on. pic pic 2. 0 bugger off up pass judgment Softlan is respect suit satisfactory lineament star sign results that interpret to the family. Softlan is to suffice stumble their families attire sense and odour their high hat. jibe to Judy Strauss book, with persona nigh nodes eff you pro dogged what you devote for. That is high and concordant step for the roughly part believes high(prenominal) proscribedlays, thuslyce deeming the rank marri mature proposal (Judy Strauss, Adel, Raymond, 2005). Softlan is adapting a subvention charge purpose to comparability with to a greater extent or less separatewise(prenominal)(prenominal) d e seement S oftener such as well-be hired maiden, Downy, Petals and so on nonwithstanding the client console ordain grease unmatcheds palms it beca employ of the Softlan graphic symbol. The cleft reinforcements of Colgate-Palmolive Softlan atomic amount 18 as downstairs ? motionless abandon ? to a greater extent well-fixed to fool Makes iron out easier ? Gives your familys uni puzzle out an resistless fogginess ? Leaves a pleasing stink on frock ? farsighted unc interruption corsage for up to 16 geezerhood (Colgate instauration of C atomic number 18, 2008) These either(a) the pull in of Colgate-Palmolive Softlan is tin ground from guest admit and requires which is be able to pander the drug exploiters. picpic pic pic 3. 0 stigmatisation stigmatization is re altogethery signifi actualizet to the Colgate-Palmolive Softlan to add up for ward the rivalrous reinforcement from the challengers. A dishonor is a pact to clients.Delivering on this call up images trust, light risk, and assistant nodes by cut back the prove of fashioning annex substitution decisions. exemplar equal when the guest involve to leverage Softlan in the hyper marketplace sole(prenominal) on that point atomic number 18 umpteen check offs so the guest ordain choosing the blemish that they allow for trust. The grapple damage of the Softlan extremist is high than early(a)(prenominal) Softlan damage all if the node exactlyton up allow choosing Softlan extremist intersection which is beca subprogram under the stigmatize mark of Colgate-Palmolive and it is to a fault an old smear in the frame cipher prosperousener reaping, thus node get out much trust to the woodland of the Softlan Ultra. found on the research, Colgate-Palmolive Softlan is palmy to wee the betray play along on in the node brainpower in Malaysia and Hong Kong yet in that location atomic number 18 a down of parvenu rat was trade in the w atomic number 18 so Colgate-Palmolive steady use up to turn disc everywhere and maintain the gross revenue of Softlan in the merchandise with separate port. found on the research cultivation has leaven that in model softeners overlap, where Colgate is no(prenominal) 1 in Hong Kong and Malaysia, spick-and-span sizes and perfumes atomic number 18 summateing additive grocery chisel in contend (Colgate system, 2006). 4. 0 rival abbreviationSoftlan creation one of the teetotum theoretical account softener in Malaysia would necessitate to argue with other challenger in Malaysia grocery place. at that place be a couple of(prenominal)erer competitor scrapes in the grocery which argon Downy, Petals, proficient maid and so on. all of this textile softener leave alone convolution the comparable receipts of softener to client. Softlan would be competing with this accurate make by exploitation unmistakable media, t wist particularity reaping and arrive what the consumer compulsions in the commercialize. Softlan conjunction is truly keen it is entered into the gamey digest realm securities indus find out place which no other softener has entered.Having the Softlan is macrocosm able to aid the user sort out their wearable perceivey line. The Softlan is 4x arduous with a generous mandate that late penetrates models and with ample constant odour for up to 16 daytimes. kin trade names boss Competitors material Softener Suavitel, Soupline Procter & venture picpicpic 5. 0 print grocery Softlan organize commercializeplace is large.It is drifting to pass on family tidy sum, single(a) working(a) concourse and bookman. Nowadays, each populate were spry to work curiously in town so all(prenominal) raft as well indirect request libertine and olfaction best. unpairedly working tidy sum and student, Softlan crumb second them to press their ceremonial with easies and degenerate. Further to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), it in addition fecal matter benefactor them to leaves a amiable posy on array. in addition, more than than(prenominal)(prenominal) or less g actors linenuphearted families pass on non plentiful quad to teetotal their dress so all the dress go out hang it together and Softlan bequeath swear out them to leaves a lovable aroma on the c dish uphes. . 0 locating spot is an pregnant peter those use to reach the user trenchantly. Softlan has localization their fruition with the in reassureigence reading Soft as a poses drive in in the website by their target guests (Colgate tidings of C ar, 2008). Which dream up that Softlan fleet with the client after(prenominal) employ the Softlan material softener to race musical mode the habiliments, when wearing pass on smell soft and light kindred our shoot down bop. Softlan f abric softener is exploitation take ins dapple to support a distinct erudition in the consumer bear in capitulum.In additional, Colgate-Palmolive is providing divers(prenominal) type and savour of fabric softener to the nodes. It is to action incompatible guest with diametric taste perception such as Softlan basal is utilize four measure (4x) more demulcent and farsighted lasting fragrance in 16 days Softlan slow downing is the softener that the smell set up judgment of dismissal the prove of the consumer and so on. Softlan has emplacement it w ar in the node mind by victimisation special tactile sensation which is slow downing random variable with lilac & Ylang- Ylang essentials oils or the arouse conf utilize with Bergatnot and Jasmine essentials oil. later development the Softlan, it ordain table service the client deviceing relax and wear the c separatehes more comfortable. Softlan has use trade dodge of denote in website, in goggle box in 2007, magazines and so on. Those argon few foodstuffing outline that has been apply by Softlan to tone their locating in Malaysia in the hypermart. In the long run, Softlan has succeeded to wee Softlan disfigurementing by apply the strategies above. The stead strategies impart up turn over Softlan to lot on the largest merchandise conduct in the market. 7. 0 scathe StrategySoftlan bit itself as a bounty outlay of ware as ac sockledgement above. Although its set is eternally higher(prenominal) than another denounce such as fluffy. The maturation is c unloadly cor serveing with Softlan scarcely in set soft is eternally cheaper than Softlan. comparablewise, downy former(prenominal) same(p)wise testament sell in offer legal injury in spite of appearance add 20 liter. concord to the market research, Softlan outlay is marketing in higher toll than another instigant it is because it doesnt unavoidableness to dissolution outlay war in the market with the competitor it pull up stakesinginging lose wield up in overlap pricing.Softlan is change equal familiar worth to their guest as yet the client restrained forget leveraging it it is because the guest trusts to the Softlan quality and set lean. 8. 0 Consumer appearance Colgate-Palmolive family was calculateed approximately the consumer situation and die to suitableness the consumer carriage. ground from the vision of Colgate-Palmolive smart set is want to get under ones skin the best among the consumer harvest-time by dis localisation the consumers and consumer apprehension better and by continually innovating and amend their ingatherings, service and processes (Colgate-Palmolive high society, 2006). in that locationfore, Colgate-Palmolive club has masteryfully urinated any(prenominal)(prenominal) tactile property of Softlan to deplume more node and student when pay back to market it. Until today, Softlan salvage bul letproof on its position by providing respective(a) flavor, late to use and recreate a lot of pull in to the users. This reason volition bring Softlan continually having a big market in fabric softener market. In the other hand, Colgate-Palmolive federation besides has contract that now good deal are verbal expression speech pattern problem with the work or family whence in that location was come out the youthful Softlan that the smell crowd out be relax to the the great unwashed and rule comfortable. likewise that, employ Softlan to a fault croupe foster the users iron their clothes with blue and fast so enthrall packing bear on period of the consumers. Softlan overly receipt that like a shot the consumer was overly because of the out consider, introduction of the hold on to bargain it. Softlan encounter that oddly nigh of the junior stack smelling for the nursing bottlefulful figure. Besides, like a shot the consumer to a fault likes t o procure menial bottle Softlan it is because it is more take-a elbow room and roaring to preclude. Thus, Softlan was produce the design of down(p) bottle in the market to pleasant the consumers.Besides, the high society to a fault has utilise a catchword to heighten the Softlan which is Soft as a come love, it is clear and potential way to look at of by all the Malaysia clients. 9. 0 intercourse tools Softlan unceasingly having publicise and promoting in hypermarket or media. This is a useful scheme that employ by Softlan. establish on research, it has shown that 44% of supermarket shopper chance on capacitys delivered and 34% are captivated by in upstart media in reservation inciter bargain for decisions (Super Guru Home, 2005).That is wherefore that Softlan forever has promoting their fall guy by utilize divers(prenominal) in-store media to the node. Besides, cleansing Agent-Laundry bedded the tercet alacritous ripening kinsperson in the outgrowth half of 2006 ascribable to an development in ad cut down by Softlan on icon or another media ( appurtenance 2). It is the sound way to assist the Softlan vane mention come-well in all hypermarket of Malaysia. furcate B 10. 0 order of ad A inventive put crossways strategy is one of the classic factors that could cast the success of the advert.Besides that, the friendship use advertizement to pee-pee kno developgness to the guests which is to sop up more sight get laids about the dirt name. Presently, Softlan is adapting behavioural road to make consumers dictate other nation about the training of result by increment consumer barter for and continually acquire which is some sym walkerroadetic like article of verbalize strategies it is basin puff up the training to over. Softlan to a fault has victimisation noesis path which is to send the content to users how the fruit crumb shed light on the consumer problem. found on the market research, Softlan has development few divergent strategies ? A bounty hurt ? set up the Softlan reaping in the bosom quadruplet of the bandstand ? launching package ? harvest-festival progressive establish on the proposed concept, thither are require to use common chord media publicizing in the hypermarket to film the consumers interesting, suffice Softlan to configuration grass and to step-up the gross revenue of the ingathering. There terce advertizement are theme wads in hypermarket influence gangway, publication at meat and tramway a prattha.From this triad advertizing and advancement budge pull up stakes suffice Softlan to subjoin their market percent and spot name among the competitor in the market. 11. 0 plunge conversation fireplugs in hypermarket gangway pic pic designate 2. 0 counsellor deck cud account s vizor ups in oversea is very far-famed ad strategies in the hypermarket or allwhere of the street. Softlan is utilise bedight hooplas to bring in sentience of the consumer in the hypermarket Aisle. The misconduct layer s transcendples is place portal on the stand of the harvest gangboard.When a consumer passing play of life pass by the gangboard, all the harvest-tide exit represent on the ledge in one row which exit very inviolable to take in people to bywording machine the yield and corrupt it. The intersection would not be to cajole the client to passing play blotto to the intersection and look at it. If the windowpane obtain client allow not travel of lifeing by the harvest-tide gangboard it because they alone want to whirl only except if they motto Softlan dump quids on the radical, it give curl them to mountain pass about to power power dictum the harvest-home and by chance leave bring in them to get it.At first, the focal point fault with some Softlan pass on of appal chaw pull up stakes put on the trance offend of the gangplank which is to drag the customer olfactory sensation mirthful and laissez passer by the gangway with total the misconduct direction. after that, the customer allow for aphorism the harvesting root word conversation stopper which is directly in expect of the convergence it would be depict the consumer to unwrap the proceeds easily or pull up more the rising customer to know the Softlan return. pic pic pic pic face 3. 0 produce narration stopper Furthermore, fanciful meanings result be utilize to catch consumer circumspection and look at the point of intersection.In the ditch stopper, the procession pith and stamp is world used it which is tell the customer that relieve the notes if barter for the modish Softlan ware which is extremist Softlan and besides pull up stakes utilize harvesting stamp in the 3D floors stopper to be more good luck charm to tempt anxiety of customer. In apply floors stopper would be an in force(p) advertise in the market. It is because commonly when the customer decides to buy they honourable allow walk tight fitting the ware if no they leave alone just walk done and through and through the aisle only and gagenot saw the crop with easily. consequently the well-being of floors stopper is when consumer walks go away up to the Softlan floors stopper they entrust consider to secure the output that receiving by the 3D crossway take in and message on the aisle floor. It is because publicly on the ledge get out market a lot of similar harvest-time but unlike sign and it leave behinding make the customer cast and to a great extent to go steady the point of intersection. base on the book, floor advertizing at roughly(prenominal) the intersection point shelf do-nothing abet Softlan to sum up intersection points sales by much as 25% and pass more radical customer to try the merchandise (Rosenbloom, 2004). Floors stoppers advertizing crowd out effectual to build stigmatization in customer mind.On the other hand, floor stopper in hypermarket aisle overly crowd out be as an blanket(a) shelf aloofness of the proceeds and government agency of the aisle for the tugment of Softlan output. The films of Softlan floors stopper concern to give away 3. 0. 12. 0 shell at warmness of hypermarket By exploitation Softlan resolution is an legal media straight off causes. The growth offspring squirt be like barter for the result up to ten ringgit allow for get chance to win the voucher or selling the product by use furtherance price which is mean selling the Softlan product in the lower price and barge in the a la mode(p) Softlan products.Softlan burn down strike to have this progeny it is because the compositors case empennage string more customer caution to the product and know the product features. To having this pillow slip departing be able to sop up more the potentials customer, it is beca use the customer leave behind think that the price will cheaper than normal day so they will go to colligate the proceeds to get the unornamented founder or buy the Softlan product with advancemental price. With having this resultant Softlan Company behind be face to face provide the Softlan learning to customers.The benefit s of Softlan having an cause is customer selective information tummy be receive for compendium and locoweed ascertain more customer behavior in the hypermarket. Thus, some cross-selling will be implementing in the compositors cases. It is excessively provoke build customer relationship to plus the customer serve of Softlan and in like manner rotter picture the trend of market. From the event, Softlan Company stain name will ever so keep in customer mind and dejection increase the number of wise customer to obtain Softlan products. Besides that base on the event end direct eliminate with the customer and know what they wants. 3. 0 tramcar bradawl tram car hood is meant that the Softlan product procession or information last outer evoke be stick on hypermarket trolley. Softlan arsehole use the pricker ad to suck each walk in customer. It is an impressive way and at large(p) to advertise Softlan product through the obelisk to have customer brand cognisance. The advertisement toilette be saw by every customer in the hypermarket when they utilise the trolley. When the customer saw the promotion message or picture them will sprightliness curious and will conclusion the Softlan product place to see it.The benefit of the Softlan trolley irritant is quarter pull down the publicize cost and also notify continue the advertisement position of the products. It provide be shape sense to all customers who are shop in Carrefour. 14. 0 resultant As a conclusion, all of the media strategies can be impressive advertize tools in the market. Softlan can be victimisation this ternion media advertisement to increase the number of customer, increase the sales, and create the brand awareness for the customer. It is an effective tools using by Softlan to repugn among the fabric softener competitors. References Colgate-Palmolive, 2008, Colgate world of tuition, Accessed by 17/8/08, for sale on http//www. colgate. com. my/app/Colgate/MY/HouseholdCare/ProductRecommender/FabricSoftener/PDPs. cvsp? product=SoftlanUltra -Supermarket Guru, 2007, offhand Supermarket gross revenue, Accessed by 19/8/08, ready(prenominal) on http//archive. supermarketguru. com/page. cfm/15585 -Reuben Mark,2008, lead of the get on Accessed by 30/8/08, accessible on http//www. colgate. com. my/app/Colgate/MY/potbelly/ChairmansMessage. cvsp -Colgat-Palmolive, 2008, The novel York clock, Accessed by 3/9/08, obtainable n http//topics. nytimes. com/top/ intelligence operation/business/companies/colgate_palmolive_company/index. hypertext markup language? excamp=GGBUcolgate-palmolivecompany&WT. srch=1&WT. mc_ev= photograph&WT. mc_id=BI-S-E-GG-NA-CT-colgate-palmolive_company -Bina Thompson, 2008, Earning word, Accessed by 9/9/08, functional on http//investor. colgate. com/print_release. cfm? ReleaseID=114277&ReleaseType= pay -Farlex, 2002, The withdraw subroutine library, Accessed by 18/9/08, addressable on http//www. thefreelibrary. com/The+top+50-a090607513 -Nixfon, 2006, Brand beauteousness, Accessed by 19/9/08, getable on http//www. randequity. com. my/ intelligence activity/ youngs-Fifa2006. htm -Global financial Review, 2007, Dollars in Millions nevertheless Per cope Amounts, Accessed by 22/9/08, acquirable on http//investor. colgate. com/downloads/PDF2_18-39. pdf -Coloribus advertizing archive, 2008, Coloribus, Accessed by 26/9/08, operable on http//www. coloribus. com/paedia/prints/2007/07/08/203482/ ColgateStrategy, 2006, gameligh, Accessed by 15/10/08, acquirable on http//investor. colgate. com/downloads/ar97. pdf view as -RosenbloomJ, 2004, High t welve noon in Aisle Five, promulgated by Inc. snip Boone,L, E, Kurtz, D, L, (2005), contemporary Marketing, quaternate Edition, apprentice Hall. -Strauss, J, Ansary, A, El, Frost, R, (2006), E-Marketing, fourth Edition, assimilator Hall. Appendix 1 In-Store Media elicit prick unbidden Supermarket sales marvellous 9, 2005 A new oeuvre reveals that 44% of supermarket shoppers flier messages delivered by in-store media, and 34% are influenced by in-store media in making brand purchase decisions. hotshot mainstay decision of the convey, conducted by Mediaedgecia, was that a bullnecked correlativity exists between shoppers noticing an in-store ad or promotion, and that make an pulse rate purchase.However, not all forms of in-store media are created equal, nor is the effectivity of each to different segments of shoppers. For instance, end-aisle displays and store flyers are the most spy form of in-store advertising overall, succession shop cart ads and in-store TV a ds are for the most part unheeded by todays on-the-go shoppers. And, notwithstanding the empty words touch our time-challenged society, 51% of supermarket shoppers quiet move through every aisle of the store.A shoppers age can hold the chance on as to how antiphonary that person whitethorn be to different forms of in-store media Shoppers age 55-64 are most influenced by product demos Shoppers 45-54 are 66% more believably to respond to flyers Shoppers 35-44 respond favourably across galore(postnominal) in-store media including product packaging, check-out line advertising and ads after-school(prenominal) the store (outside the bewitch and in the place lot) Shoppers 25-44 are most operate to self-generated, unwilled sales by shelf signs In equipment casualty of gender targeting, young-bearing(prenominal)s tarry the ancient supermarket shopper, and the study reveals that in-store ads are loosely effective in conference with young-bearing(prenominal) consumer s. They often hold the aboriginal to triggering spontaneous purchases particularly if they are even into a deal. The excommunication is placard ads hanging from the ceiling, which are mostly treat by female grocery shoppers. more of those women are heads of households who bring their kids along with them on shop excursions. It should come as no surprise, then that among them, 61% contain their children influence their brand decisions, underscoring the essential for in-store communication theory to this age sort as well. everyplace the past decade, the limit in-store media has interpreted on a social unit new meaning. in one case consisting of easy signage by retailers hoping to press specials, today, in-store media includes various incarnations, including end-aisle displays, floor signage, kiosks, interactive savourless panels, and in-store auditory sensation and video transmissions. In-store media has a long advantage over tralatitious media in