Operations management in the tourist industry

operations management in the tourist industryOperations management consists of those activities which are involved in schemening, controlling and transformation appendage of a particular product or service. At the rattling(prenominal) beginning Operations management was only considered for the manufacturing industry but with the flow of time its now a job of service sector too. incline Riviera Tourism Company is a service resultr smart set. This company work outing its proceeding management through-Planning of operations- ERTC has a grand plan of running its company. Their main strategy is Turning the lunar time period for Tourism in Torbay. Mainly providing services at bottom a range of local areas which mainly made up of Torquay, Paigton and Brixham as they are also working as a promotional tools for this company. The scenery of alcove is very much heart touching, ERTC is ensuring the standard touristry service for their visitors to enjoy this beautiful scenery. In 201 2, it served nearly 997,000 visitors from UK.Management of these operations- As their main object is to domiciliate feel services. They are managing their operations by this stairs a) Providing adequate holiday accommodation, and also b) accommodations for local community c) accommodations available in every seasons.Quality management- English Riviera Attractions Partnership consists of Paington Zoo, Living coasts and Peigton Pier. As they are harming partners which represents the quality of this company. They are also awarded for Fine dining. They are also ensuring the leading position of ERTC.1.2Operations management was mainly for manufacturing industry. At this time its also a part of service industries. As manufacturing products are tangible and services are nonphysical thats why both the operation managements are differ from each others.ERTC providing services to tourists, their main planning objective is to desexualise attention of the tourists. On the other hand, a man ufacturing company tries to produce a quality product according to buyers need which means their main planning program consists of producing quality product.In an operation management of service company facilities deport to be given as they had announced. ERTC is providing standard facilities to its serving areas.When it is product, customers can also learn rough the facilities through using the product.In service trade owners al focussings expends lots of time in selecting location, layout. Badly selected location exclusivelyow for be a curse for a touristry company. Easy communication with the customers is also a matter of consideration. ERTC is providing online services to get tourists from tout ensemble oer the world. As it also has a consignment with some rewarded partners? Partners are also working as a promotional partner for this company.Product producers concentrate on the layout of the place where they will produce the product. favorable layout helps producer to produce products as the demand of the customers.Capacity planning of a manufacturer is easier than a service succeedr. ERTC cant be able to stick in their service to meet the future demand.1.3Managerial functions mainly define as a combination of planning, organizing, staffing, set up and controlling. ERTCs operation can also be related to these managerial functions. As this companies operations are related to planning, organizing customers, employee people and coordinating and controlling all the activities through a proper analysis.ERTC is mainly a Torbays major industry. Its running with a plan Turning the tide for Tourism in Torbay . They are providing their service through ensuring modernity, improved standard, vie with strength, wide promotions. This company is organized by- The chair, the board, the co-opted advisory panel, the chief executive officer. As its a company having partnership it get the fortune to amplify its investment and engaging more trained stuffs for the companies betterment. coordinate function is done through controlling all the previous activities. ERTC needs maximum customers appreciation for coordinating all the plans. To crease the main strategy into reality they sustain to monitor the feedbacks of all single steps. They are also trying to involve their customers in this process. So, they provide a promotional printed literature every year. This is excogitateed not only to influence the existing customers but also the potential customers. This guide contains over all details of a specific year which a customer wants to know before booking. Visitors also get the chance to connect through the internet. By analyzing the genuine situation of ERTC the controlling result can be like this- value of touristry in torbays economy has to be add-ond, repositioning the company, providing uniform platform, increase in employment, creating cost powerful services, addressing the key objects.1.4Creating customer value and rivalrous vantage is very much important for a tourism company. As operations management consists all the activities of a company it can help to get these two important things. Actually, customer value is a matter which can be obtained through satisfying a customer. ERTC is maintaining its business-As a partnership companyEnsuring standard serviceFocusing on the beauty of BayProper military rank trunk.Introduced special appMaintain international media coverage and personal relation.They have to serve over 3million people in a year.Also having their marketing activities through you tube, twitter, Facebook. whole these activities are enough to get customer satisfaction which leads to customer value. Customer value helps to have a long term customers. Being a grade of tourism industry ERTC has also some competitive advantages. Marketing activities of any company also a part of operations management. ERTCs marketing acts are- developing an attractive website.Producing annual officials.Coordin ation of advertising nationally.Supporting the managementBoth online and offline marketingProducing various articles as offline marketing toolPromotional activities by promotional partners.Rewarded as a best company many time.Again market segmentation of this company is also creating a great opportunity of having competitive advantages. They targeted their market on the basis of-geography, demographics, families, couples and business conferences. South west is generating most of the visitors and this place includes their segmentation. People belongs to over 50s are more attractive group of customer because they are the increase number of people having lots of leisure time with disposable earnings. This company can earn competitive advantage through having a great plan for this market.TASK-22.1System design consists of the process of a specific subject which helps to collect data, interfaces and brings details to obtain an supreme object. It has a respected role in business sector. System design can be done in several forms-Architectural designLogical designPhysical designPhysical design is very much applicable for tourism industry. It needs- requirements of input, requirements outputs, Storage requirements, processing requirements.Process design carries those documents which ensure the information of the documents are capable of fitting the design.ERTCs system design shows the overall plan of this company. Its system design is given below-Running with the strategy Turning the tide for Tourism in TorbayWorking as a partnership companyIncreasing value of tourism in the economy of torbayIncreasing return on investmentIntroducing the beauty of BayCreating cost effective servicesThis companys system design is made to satisfy the tourists and get brand image. Total document of the overall system design will let us know whether this design is applicable or not. By analyzing this system design it is found that, customers are appreciating the partnership system, it h elps to gain reliability from the customers, its attractive partnership also creating a promotional scope. only these are producing great process design of this company. This design says whether all the process are able to turn into real or not. ERTCs process design has already started proceeding the tasks.2.2Implementing saucy or significant production or service providing method is cognize as process innovation. Introducing new or improved form of previous service state as a product development. These two jobs are very important for a tourism industry.Innovation is considered as a power of a particular industry. It is the sort to be updated in a market. Maintains competitive advantages, increase efficiency and effectiveness. As need of a customers is changing and to cope with this changes innovation is very much important. Even innovation can be brought through change marketing activities. Every company normally use same marketing tools so it can be made different by innovati ng some new process. Innovation is also important because it is the only way of making differences with the competitors.ERTC is proving various innovated services and processes-Up- to-date with some new technologies.New visitors can get information from the website. adept very useful innovation in this companys process is providing yearly prospectus.Lunching new town sites.Introducing shared marketing tools.Embedding on others website.Providing newsletter.This process innovations are helping this company to serve its service all over the world. In this modern day its mainly focusing on modernism which is the only to get customer satisfaction. ERTC is getting changed according to their time or season of providing services. Strategic innovation doesnt cost most. To catch more customers they provide free maps to the visitors.2.3logistics is the complete flow of goods from the beginning to the consumption of the product. It mainly contains physical items. It describe the production proc ess and distribution process of a particular product. Logistic process involves-Handling materialsProductionPackagingInventoryTransportingWarehousing andSecurity.In Tourism Company Such As ERTC also have the process of logistics. service of process companies use logistics as a process of planning, controlling, realizing and monitoring. Supply chain refers the global vision of logistics. It can be defined as a process involves all the companies related to handling, transferring or distributing the finish product. Tourism industry is producing services for customers, it needs no physical transferring of services. So, for bringing customers they are taking many marketing steps which are creating different supply chain.ERTC is providing services through online and offline processes which are generating quality and bookings. Online marketing is mainly used to cover the new generation of travelers. They already have developed their own website. Also using YouTube, twitter, Facebook etc. As there are no presences of a salesperson in online marketing, the website or marketing tools have to be lucrative to the customers. Offline communication has a great effect on customers but now a days its declining. ERTC is producing an annual guide as an offline marketing tool containing all the details of this company. Personal relationship and branding are powerful tools for increasing interest of customers.TASK-33.1 The ERTC is continuing to invest locally, regionally, nationally in research market to have an standard Operational performance. Standard of something means a particular level where a company has to reach or its way of measuring the improvements.ERTC, as a renowned tourism company has some standards for its own. These are as following-Main three-Increase the number of visitors.Expanding the value of tourism in torbays economy.Re positioning the English Reveira.Others-This company has the responsibility to perform the marketing activities for English Reveira. But th eir whole plan is to get the Turning the tide for Tourism in Torbay strategy.ERTC is working to ensuring the standard of servicesGetting modernismHaving contracts with other brandsShowing the spectacular natural beauty of BayLocal tourism businesses are working with it as a promotional partner.Increasing investment on marketing sectors.All these belongs to operational management which are helping managers to perform their job with a particular standard. This system cooperate an organization to work with a specific plan. This job of coordination is done by the employees, managers or customers also. And then gaining objectives rifle easier. Committing with other brands is a great initiative to get maximum market converges. They are working as a promotional tools for ERTC. These partners also have a specific standard while promoting ERTC. So, importance of a specific standard can be seen in reality.3.2ERTC mainly collects information or feedbacks from the customers. They also get feed backs from the promotional partners. Feedbacks are the statement about something from a person who already has experienced or monitor that thing. Both are very effective way of collecting feedback.Some feedbacks from customers are given below-They are great ambassadors for theBay and we really owe them all a big thankyou from all of us in Guesthouse Land. Keepup the good work and keep selling the Bayjust the way you are doing.Garry and Debbie Midmer The Shirley, TorquayOther customers also said that they are very much supportive. Promotional partners also share their opinions, ERTCs website is very much communicative, remained the beauty of the Bay, abroad promotional acts increasing dividends. ERTC also introduced an special app which created opportunity for all the interested people for being up to date. Both customers and promotional partners are appreciating the strategy Turning the tide for Tourism in Torbay. Through equation the feedbacks ERTC needs to take following correcti ve activities-Should focus on operation into three main areas.Operations of cell centerDeveloping significant preference websitesProviding more information about marketing channels.Following the national quality standard to ensure the quality of the service.Avoiding incomplete information.Arranging events for special festivals.Moreover the company has to develop a plan how it can serve its customers in a cost effective way with the changing needs. This company is providing nearly 8,800 jobs within the resort. All the job holders are influenced to share their feedback and correction methods.3.3Operational system is mainly run by the employees of a company. With the growing number of competition British tourism is facing challenges. Employees are the direct monitor who can define the lacking of a company. In service industry employees direct monitoring result is very much effective for a company. ERTC is also doing the same thing. They get some points which are pointed by the employe es.Wow factor is absence in English Reveira tourism product. And they are not considering modern enough to buy. This company also needs some creativity in product development to get new customers. take focusing on year round opportunity. ERTC also get some controlling suggestions from its employees, they mainly suggested some opportunities. These are-Maritime leisure Torbay can be an figure of worldwide if it starts doing something on tha basis of water.Developing torbay weeksDeveloping experiences based on waterPromoting maritime through central destination marketing.Improving retail offerings rescue Agatha Christie theme for adding glamourArranging festivals in different events.Global geopark can be introduced by this company. Creative promotion and positioning will create marvellous offers. Running an event during special festivals. This will also work as promotional act. As of course it will focus all possible cultures be the local area.3.4Effective management system consis ts all the managerial activities of a company. Well planned system will give the opportunity to gain competitive advantages which actually a power for a company against competitors. Competitive advantage means gaining such kind of attributes that helps to perform jobs successfully and make some specialism in contrast of competitors.As we have already seen that managerial system made up of planning, organizing, stuffing and controlling. ERTC has established a well planned managerial system. First of all they developed a strategy Turning the tide for Tourism in Torbay focusing mainly the Torbay. Relating strategic economic development, other auction pitch organizations, strategy and advice all these are done by the chair, managing director and other organizers. Member of this company is made up of private and public sectors which brings a balance. The over activities are also controlled by the authority. As ERTC found some results of controlling-Arresting the decline of visitors num ber.Increase in employmentDeveloping a compelling brand.Coordinating and monitoring effective marketing strategies.Funding for tourism marketingExpanding the facilitiesDeveloping online and offline questionnaire to know him statements of the customers very frequently. This will also help to get new ideas or steps from them.These are the main thing which have to be implemented. Quality of service also has to be increased. To increase tourists for ERTC effective destinations management is required. Outputs of investments represent the ultimate situation of a company so this element should also me measured while controlling. All the controlling steps will create competitive advantage for this company.

The impact of culture on women entrepreneurship

The impact of enculturation on wo workforce enterprisershipThe author has been involved from the age of thirteen years archaic in communication channel enterprise both Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The author comes from a chore orientated family and spent her operative life both in family business and private capacity. This made the author believes that one of the most important issues that the women enterpriser pick ups in this business sector is culture challenges. The author believes that women entrepreneurship has got legion(predicate) opportunities moreover the impact of culture challenges these opportunities in particular if we compare UK and Sub-Saharan women entrepreneurship.Considering entrepreneurship sector it has long been considered an important factor for sociostinting offset and development because it provides millions of job opportunities, offers a variety of consumer goods and services, and broadly speaking increases national prosperity and competit iveness (Zahra, 1999). Although in recent years women acquit been intromitd in a number of studies on entrepreneurship, however, in that respect has been little focus on challenging handed-d knowledge definitions of entrepreneurship or on developing new methods to collect information on entrepreneurship (Moore 1990, p.278 Stevenson 1990, p.442 Moore and Buttner 1997). The entrepreneurship literature has increasingly acknowledge the disposition by women to be economically independent and their role and portion as female person entrepreneurs in shaping the labour market (Goffee Scase, 1985).Entrepreneurship or self-employment normally involves compass up a new business or buying an existing business. Gartner, (1988) defines entrepreneurship as the behaviours associated with performing entrepreneurial activities (i.e. what an entrepreneur does rather than on whom the entrepreneur is).The entrepreneur environment is surrounding by many societal factors such as heathenish, eco nomic, political and neighborly forces. These factors can join together to create holy terrors or opportunities where entrepreneur operates. Despite the presence of a favourable environment, individuals who are motivated by factors such as financial rewards, achievement, social, rush, and individual fulfilment, for these conditions or motives to encourage into entrepreneurship a national culture supports and encourages entrepreneurial activity is needed. Berger, (1991), points out that individuals own(prenominal)ities and behaviours, firms, political/legal systems, economic conditions, and social traditions are all intertwined with the national culture from which they originate. Hence, the shoot of entrepreneurship on a ethnical basis seems appropriate. Furthermore, taking women themselves as subjects for analysis and comparison three levels of similarity or take issueence should be considered. First, no matter where women live, they last similar types of role complexity, esp ecially when combining the roles of working m an new(prenominal)(prenominal) and wife. Second, no matter where women live, they encounter similar problems when essay to get started as entrepreneurs or when trying to expand their business activities. Third, in contrast to male entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs nerve unique challenges arising from the local environment in which they must operate. It is these discriminations arising from the specific social and cultural environments in which WEs operates that are the subject of investigation in this excogitate as nearly as the differences between women themselves, their roles or their personal experiences.Consequently, this study takes the cultural approach to study the women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa compared to the U.K by examining factors in the environments in which Women Entrepreneurs (WEs) operate. The goal is to understand better how cultural barriers of many types impact the efforts of WEs. In order to address t hese grammatical gender-particular problems, social cultural is suggested to cover two goalsAddressing the changing social beliefs, attitudes and behaviours that negatively affect women entrepreneurs.The ways of improving conditions in institutional systems and environments in the women entrepreneursThe research questionsThe extant entrepreneurial literature has certainly increased our understanding of entrepreneurs and the gender dynamics of entrepreneurship, a key concern is the tendency for typical studies to focus on entrepreneurship issues in western sandwich developed economies to the neglect of developing .If entrepreneurship is accepted as a key driver of economic growth and an essential component of national development, then a better understanding is needed of those factors which promote or inhibit womens entrepreneurship in the U.K and sub-Saharan Africa. Two questions are of principal interest in this study below what conditions do women conk out entrepreneurs in the U. K and sub-Saharan Africa?What types of cultural and environmental barriers must they expect and overcome?The abutting section explains the methodology. We then present and discuss the findings and reason that while many challenges identified are common in this sector they are experienced differentially and are strongly influenced by the nature of the cultural values in context.Keywords women entrepreneurs sub-Saharan Africa U.K, cultural environmentThe research methodologyIn order to understand the nature of WEs experience in the U.K and sub-Saharan Africa, it is unavoidable first to understand the socio-economic and cultural context in which they live and work. The present study is exploratory in nature. The study was carried out in the U.K with selecting women entrepreneurs doing different types of business. The study covered two types of participants women entrepreneurs from the U.K and others women entrepreneurs who originally came from Sub Saharan African countries settled and started a business in the U.K. The combination of the selected groups gives different business cultures. Our goal is to manifest both similarities and differences in the experiences of WEs trying to operate their own business. The data for the study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected from selected women entrepreneurs by means of formal interviews. The participants from the Sub Saharan Africa were selected on a convenience basis to represent Somali, Ethiopian, Eritreans, and Ugandans. The reasons that made the research worker to perform samples interviews from both participants are the limited timescale for the researcher as well as the availability of these women in entrepreneur business in the U.K. Secondary data was collected from published data in books, journals, magazines cogitation and newspapers. In trying to assemble relevant statistical data from secondary sources for this profile, the researcher encountered considerable difficulties with incomplete, out-of-date, or missing data. Even in publications produced by segment for Business innovation and Skills (BIS), banking system such as Nat west, in the U.K and leading international agencies such as the World Bank, UNESCO (2011), UN, and the CIA (2011), statistics proved to be inadequate for the purposes of this study. The future(a) section presents the relation between the gender and the entrepreneur.Gender and the Entrepreneurial Career ChoiceThe literature described the term entrepreneur with a particular emphasis on the view of the nature and purpose of entrepreneurial activities. Thus, an entrepreneur is defined as one who undertakes a commercial enterprise and who is an organisational creator and innovator (Gartner, 1990 2004). theoretically entrepreneur includes elements of smallness, competition, deregulation, innovation and risk (Verheul Thurik, 2000). Considering these features an entrepreneur historically assumed to be male (Green and C ohen 1995, p.299 Beggs et al.1994). However, Winn, (2005) stated that entrepreneur is the one who prospects for or exploits opportunities and who has a tenacity to face challenges. Whereas, Krueger and Brazeal (1994) described entrepreneurship as gender neutral who perceive themselves as pursuing opportunities irrespective of existing resources. This definition is in line with affirmation of Buttner and Moores (1997) that the entrepreneurship is a gender-blind career choice. Although this assertion is theoretically true, in practice gender and environment act together to confirm the success or failure of women as entrepreneurs. Studies report that women entrepreneurs differ from men in terms of their motivations, the types of external barriers that they face, and the type of help available to women (Buttner and Moore 1997 Mattis 2004 Woldie and Adersua 2004). Cromie (1987) compares womens and mens reasons for forming businesses on 13 different criteria and utterances that women are slight preoccupied than men with economic unclutter, and more often cite child-rearing demands and career dissatisfaction as reasons for business formation. In a similar way, Hisrich (1989) summarises the comparisons that have been made between female and male business owners in terms of motivation, source of funds, occupational background, and reasons for occupational departure, personality, background, support group and type of business. different studies similarly compare the motivation of female and male entrepreneurs (Cromie 1987 Birley 1989) and charge styles in women-owned and men-owned enterprises (Chaganti 1986).Accordingly, the literature points to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that might influence women to choose an entrepreneurial career. Intrinsic factors include the persons personality or traits such as having a proactive, assertive personality, being self-governed and positive (Akrivos et al., 2007, Mordi, et, al., 2010). In this respect, female ent repreneurs have been found to be less oriented to financial reward than men (Rosa et al, 1996), valuing work satisfaction and challenge, and to hold androgynous or masculine self perceptions (Brodsky, 1993) such as confidence, a sense of adventure and risk taking. Extrinsic factors include family circumstances and family orientation, the influence of socio-cultural factors, the political-economic climate surrounding the business environment and dominant features of human resources within the labour market (Ituma Simpson, 2007). The aspiration to own and manage a business might stem from a craving to be self-sufficient, to gain personal satisfaction and esteem as well as a desire for more opportunities and flexibility than exists for women in the employed labour market (Carter, 2000 Winn 2004, 2005 Carter and Cannon, 1992). This quest for autonomy and flexibility whitethorn be particularly relevant for those women with caring responsibilities (Carter, 2000 Hewlett, 2002) who accor dingly seek to combine work and non-work activities (Mordi, et, el., 2010).Using these comparisons and to develop a form of typical female entrepreneur the factors that describe the differences between the male and female entrepreneur can include women and men are socialized differently and as a result have different orientations especially when it comes to business as women face certain structural and cultural barriers rather than men and finally women have distinctive ways of conducting and managing their own business (Amine Staub, 2009). Carter (2000) points out women are not separate in the world of self employment because of their neglect of mental, physical, educational and other kinds of abilities, but as a result of gendered categorisations. These categorizations have close links to other variables, such as cultural values, family commitment, lack of business capital and honorable mention facilities that can act as limitations to the female entrepreneur (Mordi, et, al., 2010).Taking these differences there is anecdotical evidence that cultural beliefs some gender and entrepreneurship have consequences for women entrepreneurs. For example, women entrepreneurs frequently reported that perceived lack of credibility by investors due to their gender detriments them in their searches for credit (Moore and Buttner 1997 Carter and Cannon 1992). Kiggundu (2002) reported that most winning African entrepreneurs are male, middle-aged, married with a number of children, and are more educated than the general population. Staub and Amine (2006) conclude that many women in sub-Saharan Africa are ready to go as entrepreneurs, if only environmental conditions are more favourable to their efforts. Consequently, theory suggests that gender stereotypes may systematically disadvantage women entrepreneurs as few studies have investigated the extent to which cultural beliefs just about gender might impact men and women in the initial decision-making lick of choosing to start a business in the first place (Heilman and Chen 2003). This gender carrier choice round off highlights the significance and value of some of the cultural and environmental factors which is the focus of this study. To deepen our understanding for these factors the next section will present more cultural motivations and types of women entrepreneurs.Types and motives of Women EntrepreneursDefinitions of the term entrepreneur tend to assume and mark a particular view of the nature and purpose of entrepreneurial activities. Goffee and Scase (1985) distinguish between four types of female entrepreneurs (conventional, innovative, domestic and radical). Goffee and Scase (1985) turn over that Conventional businesswomen are extremely committed both to entrepreneurship ideals and to the conventional gender role for women. These women accept the fact that they have to work long hours to fulfil both their domestic and entrepreneurial roles. Goffee and Scase note that conventional b usinesswomen run their business in ways which are compatible with their domestic obligations and do not require family members to undertake additive designates. Goffee and scase (1985, p.96) suggest that these women do not see the need for restructuring of gender relationship. However Innovative entrepreneurs, by contrast, are committed to entrepreneurship ideals but not to the conventional gender roles. Domestic businesswomen do not uphold entrepreneurship ideals but are committed to conventional gender roles. Radical proprietors have low commitment to both entrepreneurship ideals and to conventional gender roles. by dint of this framework, Goffee and Scase (1985) are able to explain some of the differences in whose willingness to compromise with the male business world and to sacrifice personal and family relationships for the sake of their enterprises enables them to overcome many of the obstacles which many women face(ibid.,p.142). To be precise, innovators women entrepreneur s are likely to be booming entrepreneurs in so far as they imitate the male work norm. Considering these types of women entrepreneur Birley (1989, p.37) argues that profile of women entrepreneur in the future will continue to move closer to that of their male counterparts. To achieve this stage women entrepreneurs need certain motives to encourage them to be in business.Scholars emphatic different motives for entrepreneurs as general the most notably economist Cantillon and Marx who pointed out that profit maybe one motive of entrepreneur business. Furthermore, the entrepreneur may be driven not only by economic motives but likewise by psychological motives like the desire to innovate and create new products (Schumpeter, 1934). The desire to take risk and a spirit of adventure may be another (Knight, 1921). Moreover some entrepreneurs have greater access to information or knowledge and wish to exploit that advantage (Kirzner, 1973). However, the positive reasons alone may not moti vate entrepreneurship as some individuals may have no other option but to choose self- employment (Basu Altinay, 2002). (references in london articles)Krueger and Brazeal (1994, p.101) asserted that favourable environmental conditions such as support from political, social, and business leaders and a team spirit in the community effectively encourage entrepreneurship among both men and women. Social support from family and friends who provide positive role models, as well as from parents who promote entrepreneurial aspirations during childhood, all contribute to create positive environmental conditions favouring womens entrepreneurship. In contrast, (Mordi, et, al., 2010) argue that lack of access to seed funds and working capital are two environmental factors that particularly discourage women entrepreneurs. It is clear that motivations of women entrepreneurs based to some extent on the gender beliefs. Thus in the next section the relation between the gender beliefs and entreprene urship will be discussed.Gender Beliefs and EntrepreneurshipThis section presents the shared cultural belief about genders by prescribing different expectations of competence for women and men or gender status beliefs in the area of entrepreneurship. Then analyze the implications of those beliefs for womens as entrepreneur business choice.It is reported that women often perceive they lack credibility because of their gender when they seek funding (Carter and Cannon 1992 Moore and Buttner 1997 Smallbone et.al. 2000). To discuss this sociologists increasingly understand gender as a multilevel structure, which includes cultural beliefs and distributions of resources at the macro instruction level, patterns of behavior at the interactional level, and roles and identities at the micro level (Ferree, Lorber, and Hess 1999 Ridgeway and Correll 2004 Risman 1998) (Reference- baud2010.SPQ.snap article).The influence of culture on entrepreneurship was first emphasised by Max Weber at the beg inning of this century. As Weber (1976) famously argued, Protestantism encouraged a culture that emphasised individualism, achievement motivation, legitimation of entrepreneurial vocations, rationality, asceticism, and self-reliance. Based on that Hoftstede (1991, p.5) defines culture as a incarnate programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. In this sense Hoftstede (1991) regards culture as a collective phenomenon that is shaped by individuals social environment, not their genes. In this way he defines culture a set of shared values, beliefs and norms of a group or community. Basu Altinay, (2002) argue that these cultural values and norms will either converge or conflict with a societys ability to develop a strong entrepreneur orientation. For example, thinking about a new business ventures means confronting a great deal of uncertainty. Moreover, in the development of new ideas, entrepreneurs have to make their own deci sions in setting where there are few, if any, historical trends, and relatively little direct information (Basu Altinay, 2002). Accordingly, Hofstedes in his research shows that national culture affects workplace values across a range of countries. Basu Altinay (2002) views the cultural differences result from national, regional, ethnic, social class, religious, gender, and language variations. Hence, values are held to be a crucial feature of culture and cultural uniqueness. Consequently, Berger (1991) argues that any modernisation in countries must include cultural transformation. As such, entrepreneurship develops from the Bottom up such that culture gives rise to entrepreneurial potential. Thus, Bergers stated that it is culture that serves as the conductor, and the conductor, and the entrepreneur as the catalyst (to entrepreneurship) (Berger 1991, p.122).To commodiousn our understanding to the effect of culture on the women entrepreneurs it seems necessary to take some examp les on this field. In the United Kingdom, notably in the East Midlands (Nottingham and Leicester) Somali women have challenged the male-dominated perception which portrays women as housewives with little contribution to the public arena. Study by Hassan (2002) reveals how Somali women in the UK rejected their traditional culture that gives husbands authority over their wives. A traditional force out relation at the household level that allows husbands to control their wives is no longer accepted in the UK. A Somali woman narrates Men should influence how to cook, do the laundry and change the nappies (Hassan 2002), a new male role which used to be a female role in Somali. This led to an increase in marriage breakdown. However, women have become shapers of their lives. On the other hand men seem not content with the new culture that they need to understand and to response to positively. They put religion to stop women taking new roles. Men are using religion as a scapegoat when th ey say that women are abandoning Islam. This is the way this country is, and we should adapt to it, said a female interviewee (Hassan 2002).In the city of London Ethiopian and Eritrean women have amendd their entrepreneur skills and become engaged in different small business activities such as restaurants and cafes to generate income to help them to support themselves and to improve their living standard as well as to send remittances to their families and communities in their homeland. Thus, challenging the economic exclusion is that many women in Diaspora are exposed to and similarly giving them financial independence and economic power. Moreover, gaining economic power could lead to decision-making power at household level. Thus, challenging the ancient system that perpetuates males domination. In a study comparing indigenous African entrepreneurs to entrepreneurs of European and Indian descent operating in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, Ramachandran and Shah (1999) fou nd significant differences between sample members. Differences were seen in their education, networks, and business growth rates, with entrepreneurs of European or Indian descent having more formal education and better business networks. Despite the considerable progress many countries have achieved in developing their economies, entrepreneurial activity remains relatively limited in many these nations (Berger 1991)Cultural Challenges of Women EntrepreneurThe literature showed that women entrepreneur businesses are generally smaller, grow more slowly, and are less profitable (Fasci Valdez, 1998 Hisrish Brush, 1984 Kalleberg Leicht, 1991 Rosa Hamilton, 1994). Buttner and Rosen (1988) similarly found that American loan officers rated women as significantly less like successful entrepreneurs on the dimensions of leadership, autonomy, risk taking, readiness for change, endurance, lack of emotionalism, and low need for support when compared to equivalent men. More generally, scholars have argued that entrepreneurship is an activity that involves a sense of dominance trussed to notions of masculinity within modern capitalist cultures (Bruni, Gherardi, and Poggio 2004 Connell 1995 Mirchandani 1999).A number of theorists attempt to identify barriers which female business owners face. These theorists focus on the social structures, which support gender differences. Several authors maintain that research on women entrepreneurs suffers from a number of shortcomings. These include a one-sided empirical focus (Gatewood, Carter, Brush, Greene, Hart, 2003), a lack of theoretical creation (Brush, 1992), the neglect of structural, historical, and cultural factors (Chell Baines, 1998 Nutek, 1996), the use of male-gendered measuring instruments (Moore, 1990 Stevenson, 1990), the absence of a power perspective, and the lack of explicit feminist analysis (Mirchandani, 1999 Ogbor, 2000 Reed, 1996). Loscocco et al. (1991), for example, examine why women-owned businesses are typically less financially successful than businesses owned by men. They argue that womens lack of industry experience and family situation (in particular responsibility for childcare) explain part of the difference in income. Other reasons include the fact that women-owned businesses are typically small in size and are concentrated in poorly paid sectors of employment. Other barriers are identified by Aldrich who studies entrepreneurial networking and notes that women tend to form larger numbers of strong ties this over-investment in the maintenance of networks can translate into business disadvantage as a woman entrepreneur risks spending much of her time on relationship matters rather than business ones (1989, p.121).Woldie and Adersua (2004) reported that aspiring WEs face additional barriers to success arising from negative social attitudes. Prejudice against WEs is experienced much more severely in Africa than in developed Western nations, arising from deeply-rooted, discrimin atory cultural values, attitudes, practices, and the traditions of patriarchal cultures. Local prejudice is expressed through differential attitudes toward women in general, and through different standards and expectations for womens social behaviour in particular. While social attitudes are not the only factors hindering womens entrepreneurship, they are recognized by Gartner (1985) as critical factors.Lack of educational opportunities for girls throughout sub-Saharan Africa puts women at a tremendous disadvantage in adult life. Not only are they unable to improve their own intellectual and social abilities through education, they also suffer from social servility and an inability to engage in business on an equal footing with men. Inadequate education leaves women ill-equipped to resist normative pressures from society for them to conform to traditional social role expectations for division of labour. Educational deficits also make it difficult for women to counter pressure by the ir husbands and family members to conform to social norms.In Muslim communities of sub-Saharan Africa (such as in Nigeria), it is not considered socially right or proper for a woman to work out of doors the home or to own her own business. It is feared that a married womans access to an independent source of income will change traditional roles in the family, undermine patriarchal domestic relations, and affect the balance of power within the household, potentially leading to divorce and the possibility of self-determination.Socially constructed meanings may interpret the fact of a married woman working for pay outside the home as deriving directly from a mans inability to control his wife or to provide adequately for his family without her assistance. Fearing such a loss of control, personal honour or social standing, many men simply refuse to allow their wives to start or operate their own businesses. An even greater threat is the social stigma that might attach to a man if his w ife is seen to be more successful than he is (Njeru and Njoka 2001). Such deep social doubt and dishonour of the family name are deemed intolerable outcomes in many cultures of the world, not just in Africa. (See, for example, studies of the social impact on families of womens employment in the maquiladora factories along the US-Mexican border over the last 30 years American Friends Service Committee AFSC 2006.)While such fears are grounded in traditional socio-cultural beliefs, attitudinal change can be accomplished through education of both men and women, allowing women to achieve self-determination and men to enjoy a more prosperous family life with their wives financial contribution to the household. Recommendations on how to bring about this type of change in attitudes towards women, work and independent enterprise will be addressed in a afterward section on social marketing.Some type of problem or proposed shortcomings of women. Women are discussed as (the references on arti cles on women)Having a psychological makeup that is less entrepreneurial or at least different from that of a mans (Fagenson, 1993 Neider, 1987 Sexton Bowman-Upton, 1990 Zapalska, 1997)Having less motivation for entrepreneurship or for growth of their businesses (Buttner Moore, 1997 Fischer et al., 1993)Having insufficient education or experience (Boden Nucci, 2000)Having less desire to start a business (Carter Allen, 1997 Kourilsky Walstad, 1998 Matthews Moser, 1996 Scherer et al., 1990)Being risk averse (Masters Meier, 1988)Having unique start-up difficulties or training needs (Birley et al., 1987 Nelson, 1987 Pellegrino Reece, 1982)Using less than best or perhaps feminine management practices or strategies (Carter et al., 1997 Chaganti, 1986 Cuba et al., 1983 Olson Currie, 1992 Van Auken et al., 1994)Behaving irrationally by turning to unqualified family members for help (Nelson, 1989)Not networking optimally (Aldrich et al., 1989 Cromie Birley, 1992 Katz Williams, 19 97 Smeltzer Fann, 1989)Perceiving other women as less cut for the role of entrepreneurship (Fagenson Marcus, 1991)Attributing loan denials to gender bias instead of flaws in the business plan (Buttner Rosen, 1992)The Africans we interviewed display an impressive confidence in their entrepreneurial ability. Insert your interview quotation hereWomen entrepreneurship problems explanationHisrich outlines the central problems faced by women entrepreneur and develops prescription for (their) success (1989, p3). These prescription include the need for women to gain experience in financial management by taking loans and managing family finances, obtain occupational experience in middle management, study engineering, science, technical or business-related subjects, learn to prioritize between organizational and family responsibilities, and develop support systems and mentors. According to Hisrich suggests that women need to develop a girls network (1989,p.280 to parallel theold boyss netw ork, and to learn to delegate business or family responsibilities to others when necessary.) Aldrick argues that women need to increase their network diversity by adopting, like male entrepreneurs, an assertive and instrumental orientation to personal networks (1989,p.128). Goffee and Scase argue that real potential for the growth of small business (1985,p.142) lies with women who have a low attachment to conventional gender roles, such as the innovators whose willingness to compromise with the male business world and to sacrifice personal and family relationships for the sake of their enterprises enables them to overcome many of the obstacles.Recommendation and conclusionThis study allows us to make several points about the impact of culture on women entrepreneur. This review of the literature on women entrepreneurship and gender presents a complex picture of critical environmental barriers, social challenges and practical problems that men, and more particularly women, must overco me, if they want to become entrepreneurs or expand their small businesses.In sum, this study supports the theory that cultural beliefs about gender and entrepreneurship play a key role in find who becomes an entrepreneur and who does not. This finding is substantial given that entrepreneurship, unlike any one specific job or occupation, is an entire form of work. That is, entrepreneurs cover a wide range of occupational skills and educational backgrounds, not just those that are particularly male-dominated. Thus, the simple fact as reviewed that cultural beliefs benefit men at the task of business construction restricts the alternative of otherwise qualified, creative women. Furthermore, there is no doubt that entrepreneurs generate jobs and contribute to economic development and innovation. If widely held cultural beliefs about gender constrain womens involvement in that process, then their role as leaders in society, and in economic production more specifically is also constraine d.The specific recommendations of this study are To contribute to building a strong studies on women entrepreneur on a long-term vision favouring stability in this field that can lead to sustainable development and regional integration among ent

A College Education: Overrated or Invaluable? Essay -- Higher Educatio

Since the beginning of the 20th Century, college education has been available for every mavin and anyone who is willing to develop their companionship regarding a specific professional field. Currently in the United States, the percentage of high school graduates going to college has increased considerably 68 percent in 2011 compared to 49 percent in 1940 (Menand, 2) and the record high set in 2009 with 70 percent of total high school graduates enrolled in college (Bureau of compass Statistics). Notwithstanding, it has come to the attention of many that the college tuition and fees have been increasing at an accelerated rate. According to The New York Times, college tuition and fees increased 439 percent from 1982 to 2007 (Lewin, 1). This sumptuous establish inhibits many citizens from obtaining a higher education furthermore, creating the debate whether college education is overrated or if it is a valuable professional and educational experience. Despite the rising prices, I ima gine that the college experience provides the necessary tools to develop an individuals set of skills that will furthermore lead them to a successful career. Going back to the beginning of the century, one is able to witness that most people wished to attend Ivy League universities like Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Standford, etc. Over the years with the development of the S.A.T.s and other like examinations, there was a way to separate the most intelligent high school graduates from the less prepared. Moreover, this allowed public and state colleges to be more accommodating towards other sectors of the population. The main problem is that most students are more attracted to the social aspects of college rather than the academic ones. Higher education is ab... ...ww.bls.gov/news.release/hsgec.nr0.htm.(Bureau of Labor Statistics)Lewin, Tamar, . College May Become Unaffordable for nigh in U.S.. New York Times. N.p., 2008. Web. 3 Apr 2012. .(Lewin, Tamar)Menand, Louis, . A CRITIC AT L ARGE Live and Learn Why we have college.. The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 2011. Web. 3 Apr 2012. .(Menand, Louis)Pappano, L.. The wins as the New Bachelors. New york times. N.p., 2011. Web. 6 Apr 2012. .Why College Students Stop Short of a Degree. Reuters. N.p., 2012. Web. 6 Apr 2012. .

Feminist Perspective of The Lie :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Perspective of The Lie Women rush long struggled and battled against men in an attempt to obtain equality. In the story, The Lie, the character Sylvia Remenzel portrays many of the qualities in a stereotypical female that women for generations have been trying to prove wrong. Her thoughts and actions, plus the possible opinions of females reflecting upon her character, and the fact that this character was written by a male allow for show the neglect by which the use of goods and services was depicted. To begin, Sylvias questions throughout the story are naive and juvenile. For example, I wonder how many Remenzels have gone to Whitehill, and You think those people will want those rooms? Questions such as these are simply put and rather unnecessary because they only fill up up space and disrupt the flow. The question concerning the number of Remenzel family members who have gone to Whitehill has a pretty obvious answer. Her husband in the book even thinks so, Thats like asking how many people are dead in a cemetery. To have a female character ask questions that are put onmingly sincere is putting them back, and placing them in a group outside those with intelligence. The second question concerns a new wing being built onto Whitehill where a group of Africans will be staying. By calling the Africans, those people, gives the impression that she doesnt see them as equals to herself. In the time period that this story was written, (during the 1970s), the issue of racism was partly over. This character was non trying to be rude, but she did not have the intelligence to think differently. That alone is a very degrading way of thinking, such as fully grown women less power of thought than men. For example, Mr. Remenzel sees no problem with the Africans attending the school, when he says, The rooms arent for them, they arent going to be segregated. By observing these thoughts of Sylvia, one might see the lack of intuition and observation put upon her. These are all examples of the possible feminist view placed upon her. Next, the actions that Sylvia performs show her incomplete personality when it comes to being unique. Her role follows the example that females should be seen and not heard, also, that they are to stay at home and take care of the children. These are qualities that women have been fighting to remove from the minds of society.

Once and Future King Essay -- essays research papers

Once and time to come KingExperience is EverythingIn the book, The Once and Future King, T.H. White shows the importance that educationrelies heavily upon ones own personal experiences. When Merlyn is called on to tutor Wart, anadopted child, he uses this exact haveing method on Wart. Merlyn, who is a magician, uses transformation as a his learning tool. Merlyn turns Wart into different animals to show Wartlessons of life. Through each transformation Wart experiences different forms of power, each macrocosm a part of how he should rule as king. When Wart experiences each of these different stagesof lesson he finds out from Mr. P that mind power is nothing, from the wild guy he learns freedom, and the badger teaches him to accept what you have.When Wart is transformed into a fish Merlyn takes him to go talk to the master of themoat, Mr. P. This is the first transformation that Wart will learn his first lesson in. When Wartapproaches Mr. P he already senses a great deal of danger be cause of his massive size andstrength. Wart was so flabbergasted by his enormous structure that he could not think of anythingto ask Mr. P. Then Mr. P replies with his view on life, a simple statement, There is only power. role is of the individual mind, but the minds power is not enough (52). Mr. P is showing theimportance of physical power over the minds with this comment he makes . What Mr. P statesastonishes ...

Transcendentalism Essay -- essays papers

TranscendentalismThe highly spiritual philosophy of Transcendentalism developed as the response of a group of concourse who felt that it was unnecessary to make a piety (and live a smell) that was based on fear. The first Transcendentalists set out to create a more liberal way of life that allowed for personal growth, justice and freedom. To truly agnise the implications of Transcendentalism and why Transcendentalists believed what they did, one must first look at the root of Transcendentalism, Unitarianism. Unitarians were a liberal, cutting inch group of people that completely toss out the standards of Calvinism. Where Calvinists believed that man had a degraded and depraved nature, Unitarians believed that people are basically good. Where Calvinists believed that knowledge of God and ethics came to people through the Bible and Clergy, Unitarians believed that people were undecided of discerning truth and goodness with their own capabilities. Unitarians rejected the id eas that people were born into sin and that one had to work stark and suffer all of ones life in order to secure passage into heaven. Moreover, they strongly advocated the idea that people had free will and that cerebral thinking was the way into heaven. One particular(prenominal) Unitarian, William Ellery Channing helped personify the ideas and ideals held by Unitarians.William Channing (1780-1842) was a pastor at the Federal Street Church in Boston and show the idea that it was an individuals responsibleness to listen and act according to his own conscience. Channing also supported the homosexualitarian reform and helped to link the liberal ideas of Unitarianism to those of humanitarianism. Channing managed to eternal sleep the rationalism of Unitarianism with a concern for the offbeat of humanity. As time went on, the ways of Unitarianism began to change and the pillars of the religion began to evolve into something that struck many as distressingly frigidness and f ormal and vague and passionless. (The National Experience, pg. 261). The religion was also beginning to focus more on material success, rather than spiritual well being. While the metrical unit of Unitarianism began to lose its fervor, a new move workforcet was forming. In and around Boston, a romantic driving force was beginning and the rational ideas of Unitarianism began to lose favor. Romanticists rejected the idea that e... ...chings that men are evil and corrupt. The origins of the spiritual vogue of Transcendentalism were fueled not only by religions of the day, but by a yearning for something more than what was believed in those religions. The rise of Transcendentalism was due to the renewing of Unitarianism as well as the beginning of a romantic movement which opened peoples eye to the idea that everything could not be be through rational thought. This idea paired with the thought that people were essentially good opened the door to a society based on human dece ncy rather than fear.Bibliography1. Rose, Anne. Transcendentalism As A Social Movement, 1830-1850. Michigan Edward Brothers, Inc., Copyright 1981, pg. 93-95.2. Blum, John McFeely, William Morgan, Edmund Schlesinger, Arthur Stampp, Kenneth and Woodward, C. The National Experience. Orlando, FL Hartcourt Brace, Inc. Copyright 1993, pg. 260-262.3. Transcendentalism, Comptons Encyclopedia. Volume 23, Copyright 1990, pg. 2484. Transcendentalism, Colliers Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994, pg 405-406.5. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dictionary of American Biography. Volume 3, Copyright 1959, pg. 132-141. Transcendentalism Essay -- essays papersTranscendentalismThe highly religious philosophy of Transcendentalism developed as the response of a group of people who felt that it was unnecessary to practice a religion (and live a life) that was based on fear. The first Transcendentalists set out to create a more liberal way of life that allowed for personal growth, justice and freedom. To truly understand the implications of Transcendentalism and why Transcendentalists believed what they did, one must first look at the root of Transcendentalism, Unitarianism. Unitarians were a liberal, cutting edge group of people that completely discarded the standards of Calvinism. Where Calvinists believed that man had a degraded and depraved nature, Unitarians believed that people are basically good. Where Calvinists believed that knowledge of God and ethics came to people through the Bible and Clergy, Unitarians believed that people were capable of discerning truth and goodness with their own capabilities. Unitarians rejected the ideas that people were born into sin and that one had to work hard and suffer all of ones life in order to secure passage into heaven. Moreover, they strongly advocated the idea that people had free will and that rational thinking was the way into heaven. One particular Unitarian, William Ellery Channing helped personify the ideas and ideals held b y Unitarians.William Channing (1780-1842) was a pastor at the Federal Street Church in Boston and stressed the idea that it was an individuals responsibility to listen and act according to his own conscience. Channing also supported the humanitarian reform and helped to link the liberal ideas of Unitarianism to those of humanitarianism. Channing managed to balance the rationalism of Unitarianism with a concern for the welfare of humanity. As time went on, the ways of Unitarianism began to change and the pillars of the religion began to evolve into something that struck many as distressingly cold and formal and vague and passionless. (The National Experience, pg. 261). The religion was also beginning to focus more on material success, rather than spiritual well being. While the foundation of Unitarianism began to lose its fervor, a new movement was forming. In and around Boston, a romantic movement was beginning and the rational ideas of Unitarianism began to lose favor. Roman ticists rejected the idea that e... ...chings that men are evil and corrupt. The origins of the spiritual movement of Transcendentalism were fueled not only by religions of the day, but by a yearning for something more than what was believed in those religions. The rise of Transcendentalism was due to the transformation of Unitarianism as well as the beginning of a romantic movement which opened peoples eyes to the idea that everything could not be proven through rational thought. This idea paired with the thought that people were essentially good opened the door to a society based on human decency rather than fear.Bibliography1. Rose, Anne. Transcendentalism As A Social Movement, 1830-1850. Michigan Edward Brothers, Inc., Copyright 1981, pg. 93-95.2. Blum, John McFeely, William Morgan, Edmund Schlesinger, Arthur Stampp, Kenneth and Woodward, C. The National Experience. Orlando, FL Hartcourt Brace, Inc. Copyright 1993, pg. 260-262.3. Transcendentalism, Comptons Encyclopedia. Vo lume 23, Copyright 1990, pg. 2484. Transcendentalism, Colliers Encyclopedia. Copyright 1994, pg 405-406.5. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dictionary of American Biography. Volume 3, Copyright 1959, pg. 132-141.

Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice :: essays research papers

As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for another(prenominal) women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens stool that Constance Backhouse depicted in her book Petticoats and Prejudice. After nurture this book all man ought to be ashamed of being part of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the nineteenth century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had throughout their lives are something that nobody would privation to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is instead simple to see that Canada was peerless of the most advance countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas o f equality throughout the years there will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives clear and precise examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of auberge reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discussed in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their compress for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of ho w the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every vista of a young girls life, including filling a husband for her. The legal system at this time simply encouraged this type of natural process and supported these types of power imbalances. The book then flows into the incision of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would be the difficult times women had in trying to draw and quarter guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.Constance Backhouses Petticoats and Prejudice essays research papers As students sit in class and look up at their female professors they do not think of all of the women who sacrificed themselves for the opportunity for other women to be seen as societal equals. Each of us should place ourselves in the birthplace of the womens movement that Constance Backhouse depicted in her book Petticoats and Prejudice. After reading this book all man ought to be ashamed of being part of the heritage that contributed to the hardships that were forced upon women of the 19th century. The misfortunes that Zo Mignault, Amelia Hogle, Mary Hunt, Ellen Rogers, Emily Howard Stowe, Euphemia Rabbitt, and Clara Brett had throughout their lives are something that nobody would want to experience themselves. When looking back at the developing countries of the nineteenth century, it is quite simple to see that Canada was one of the most advance countries in the world. Eventhough this free and democratic country advanced itself in the areas of equality throughout the years there will forever be inequalities for some, and struggles for many. Petticoats and Prejudice gives clear and precise examples of the hardships women fought through in the 1800s. The primary focus of the book was to give a manifest and latent demonstration of how the biased attitudes of society reflected the legal system, and vice versa. There were several issues that were discusse d in the book, including abortion, infanticide, sexual assault, marriage, divorce, separation, child custody, seduction, rape, prostitution and labour legislation. Very early in the book it was made quite evident the struggles that women had encountered in their tough lives. It demonstrated their fight for the rights and privileges that many women of the world so commonly enjoy.The first chapter in the book dealing with marriage demonstrates a clear and precise attitude towards women and their social standings in society. The Zo Mignault case was a perfect example of how the patriarchal system was in affect. The father controlled every aspect of a young girls life, including picking a husband for her. The legal system at this time simply encouraged this type of action and supported these types of power imbalances. The book then flows into the section of seduction. This chapter looks at how women were mistreated by their employers as well as other men. One example it examined would b e the difficult times women had in trying to get guys to face up to their actions after pregnancy.